Official Journal of NASSM
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ARTICLE
356
Journal of Sport Management, 2014, 28, 356-375
http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2013-0133
© 2014 Human Kinetics, Inc.
George Foster is the Konosuke Matsushita Professor of Manage-
ment at the Graduate School of Business at Stanford University.
Norm O’Reilly is the Richard P. and Joan S. Fox Professor of
Management in the Department of Sports Administration at
Ohio University. Carlos Shimizu and Neal Khosla are with the
Graduate School of Management at Stanford University. Ryan
Murray is with the School of Human Kinetics (Sport Manage-
ment) at the University of Ottawa. Address author correspon-
dence to Norman O’Reilly at oreillyn@ohio.edu.
Determinants of Regional Sport Network Television
Ratings in MLB, NBA, and NHL
George Foster
Stanford University
Norm O’Reilly
Ohio University
Carlos Shimizu, Neal Khosla
Stanford University
Ryan Murray
University of Ottawa
This paper examines the determinants of live game Regional Sport Network (RSN) average annual ratings in
three major North American professional sport leagues: Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Basketball
Association (NBA), and the National Hockey League (NHL). A conceptual model of the determinants of club
RSN ratings is constructed based on a marketing management framework. Five categories of determinants
are identifed: Product-Club, Product-Player, Brand-Club, Brand-Player, and Place. Data were collected over
a 12-year period (1999–2011) for a total of 46 independent variables. The list of independent variables was
reduced to 16 factors and a proxy variable for each of the factors identifed. Univariate and multivariate analy-
ses were undertaken. Strong support for the each of the fve categories in the conceptual model was found
for the pooled sample of all three leagues. Results at the individual league level revealed league differences
in the relative importance of individual variables. Implications for future research and practice are presented.
Keywords: professional sport, RSN television ratings, club management, marketing, product, brand, MLB,
NBA, NHL
The television ratings of live sports are of high inter-
est to many constituents. These include broadcasters,
leagues, teams, players, advertisers, sponsors, fans, and
marketing agencies. There is regular commentary in the
business, broadcast, and sports media about television
ratings and the often large differences across sporting
leagues, clubs, and games. However, systematic research
or analysis of the reasons for these differences is minimal.
Although previous research does exist about the determi-
nants of TV audiences for sport broadcasts, the available
commentary about sporting club ratings differences is
often based on anecdotes. Interest in better understanding
of rating differences is increasing as sports programming
remains one of the few areas of television where high
ratings are still occurring on a regular basis.
The purpose of this research is to examine the deter-
minants of average annual regular season Regional Sport
Network (RSN) ratings of United States-based clubs in
Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Basketball
Association (NBA), and the National Hockey League
(NHL). The analysis excludes ratings for the Canadian
clubs in each league and the National Football League
(NFL) who do not telecast games on RSNs.