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Frank L. Gardner is with the Department of Psychology at La Salle University, Philadelphia, PA.
E-mail: gardner@lasalle.edu. Zella E. Moore is with the Department of Psychology at Manhattan
College, Riverdale, NY.
The Sport Psychologist, 2005, 19, 430-445
© 2005 Human Kinetics, Inc.
Using a Case Formulation Approach
in Sport Psychology Consulting
Frank L. Gardner
La Salle University
Zella E. Moore
Manhattan College
Providing effective sport psychology services requires practitioners to concep-
tualize the unique issues and concerns of each individual athlete. However, col-
lecting information on the athlete, understanding the athleteʼ s issues and needs,
and determining how to best assist the athlete can be a complex process. Thus,
this article outlines a case formulation approach to help the sport psychology
consultant assess the athlete, organize and conceptualize assessment data, classify
the athleteʼ s issues, and choose interventions that directly target those factors that
are impeding the athleteʼ s progress in athletics or other life domains. Two case
examples are provided to illustrate the case formulation process.
Providing high-level care to athletes requires the practitioner to make correct
decisions regarding the best intervention to meet the needs of the individual athlete.
Yet, interventions cannot be thoughtfully chosen and successfully implemented
without truly understanding the athlete, what brings him or her to consultation,
and where to focus intervention efforts. As all forms of human behavior, including
athletics, result from a complex interplay of person-situation interactions, the sport
psychology practitioner is charged with understanding numerous athlete characteris-
tics, including individual skill sets, dispositional characteristics, and the situational
demands that trigger that athleteʼ s characteristic style of being in the world and
navigating lifeʼ s demands (Gardner & Moore, 2006; Hardy, Jones, & Gould, 1996;
Mischel, & Shoda, 1995; Tenenbaum, 2001). Practitioners are also faced with the
athleteʼ s thinking patterns, belief systems about the world, emotional responses,
and behavioral choices that can affect both performance and other life domains.
When trying to determine the best intervention to meet the athleteʼ s specialized
needs, these competing pieces of information can at times be overwhelming to
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