ADULT BASIC EDUCATION AND LITERACY JOURNAL EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Daphne Greenberg Georgia State University Atlanta, GA Renae Harrison Hardin County Adult/ Community Education Elizabethtown, KY Jane Hugo ProLiteracy Worldwide Syracuse, NY David Rosen Newsome Associates Boston, MA Cristine Smith University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA Peter Waite ProLiteracy Worldwide Syracuse, NY JoAnn Weinberger Center for Literacy Philadelphia, PA Bob Weng St. Louis Public Schools St. Louis, MO JOURNAL STAFF Judith M. Lauber Editor journaleditor@ proliteracy.org Daphne Greenberg Reviews Editor David Rosen Web Scan Editor Cristine Smith Research Digest Editor Andrea Woodbury Graphic Designer MISSION STATEMENT he Adult Basic Education and Literacy Journal is published jointly three times a year by the Commission on Adult Basic Education and ProLiteracy Worldwide. he journal’s mission is to provide a forum for sharing research, information, theory, commentary, and practical experiences that will improve the quality of services for adult basic education, literacy, and numeracy learners. hese learners are found in publicly funded ABE, ESL, and GED programs; volunteer-based literacy programs; community-based literacy programs; family literacy programs; workplace literacy programs; correctional literacy programs; and many other places. EUNICE N. ASKOV Penn State University (ret.) HAL BEDER Rutgers University (ret.) ALISA BELZER Rutgers University JIM I. BERGER Western Kentucky University RONALD M. CERVERO University of Georgia CHARLES CRAIG Craig, Davidson, and Associates Educational Consultants GEORGE DEMETRION Literacy Volunteers of Greater Hartford JOHN M. DIRKX Michigan State University CONNIE EICHHORN Omaha Public Schools DAPHNE GREENBERG Georgia State University ELISABETH R. HAYES Arizona State University TOM HEANEY National-Louis University IRWIN S. KIRSCH Educational Testing Service LARRY G. MARTIN University of Milwaukee, Wisconsin SUSAN FINN MILLER Lancaster-Lebanon Intermediate Unit 13 ROBERT E. NOLAN Oklahoma State University RICHARD A. OREM Northern Illinois University JOHN R. RACHAL University of Southern Mississippi AMY D. ROSE Northern Illinois University JENNIFER A. SANDLIN Arizona State University MAURICE TAYLOR University of Ottawa DRUCIE CONNER WEIRAUCH Penn State University ARTHUR L. WILSON Cornell University JEFF ZACHARAKIS Kansas State University MARY ZIEGLER University of Tennessee CONSULTING EDITORS