Wasit Journal of Computer and Mathematic Science Vol. (1) No. (4) (2022 ) 70 A Critical Review of Optimization MANET Routing Protocols https://doi.org/10.31185/wjcm.94 Riyadh Rahef Nuiaa () College of Education for Pure Sciences, Wasit University, Iraq riyadh@uowasit.edu.iq Ali Hakem Alsaeedi College of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq ali.alsaeedi@qu.edu.iq Salam Saad Alkafagi 3 Babylon Education Directorate, Ministry of Education, Babil, Iraq salam.s.alkafagi@gmail.com Ali Saeed D. Alfoudi College of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq a.s.alfoudi@qu.edu.iq Abstract—The main challenges in routing protocols are node mobility, re- source constraints, error-prone channel states, and problems with hidden and un- protected terminals. This article provides an overview of the main protocols, their problems, and ways to improve them. The cell phone allows communication be- tween two moving units via mobile stations (MS), mobile units, and landing units. The term "mobile ad hoc network" (MANET) refers to a group of devices connecting and communicating. The military, law enforcement, and emergency services have quickly become interested in MANETS because they provide a high quality of service. Path loss (PL), one of the biggest problems in wireless communications, can be caused by multiple reflections from an obstacle or by the source of the signal being far from the destination on the network. Multipath propagation, path loss, and interference reduce the network's quality of service (QoS). The best route is added to a router's routing table using a dynamic routing protocol, and an alternate path is chosen when the primary route is unavailable. Keywords— Routing protocols, Optimization Network, Metaheuristics Optimi- zation, Path loss, quality of service. 1 Introduction The use of wireless media and radio transmission for data and voice communication inside a particular mobile network is known as mobile networks [1]. Devices made with purpose, portable, and relatively lightweight are typically referred to as "mobile.". The cell phone connects two moving units through Mobile Stations (MSs), Mobile Units,