https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198118778933 Transportation Research Record 2018, Vol. 2672(14) 96–105 © National Academy of Sciences: Transportation Research Board 2018 Article reuse guidelines: sagepub.com/journals-permissions DOI: 10.1177/0361198118778933 journals.sagepub.com/home/trr TRR JOURNAL OF THE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD Article Wrong-way driving (WWD) occurs when a driver intention- ally or unintentionally drives opposite the direction of traffic flow. The potential risk of WWD crashes is a major concern, especially on high speed, limited-access facilities where the chances of serious injuries or death greatly increase. Florida is the third highest state in the nation for WWD fatalities (1). There were a total of 280 WWD crashes from 2009 to 2013 on Florida’s freeways and expressways, which resulted in 400 injuries and 75 deaths (2). Given the severity of this problem, it is important for transportation agencies to be proactive in preventing or reduc- ing WWD events. Historically, different agencies throughout the United States have used signs and pavement markings to notify wrong-way drivers, but these signs and markings are often not sufficient, particularly for notifying impaired driv- ers. Alerting these drivers is important since previous studies have found that WWD is commonly caused by intoxicated drivers during nighttime hours (3–7). Static signs and pave- ment markings might also not have the same effects for older drivers or unfamiliar drivers in unknown areas, especially at night due to limited visibility and lighting. WWD countermeasures that actively detect and warn wrong-way drivers have better potential to reduce these events, but these countermeasures still need to be thoroughly evaluated using real world data and analysis. Two Florida agencies have already implemented intelligent transportation system (ITS) devices that include “Wrong Way” signs with flashing beacons or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to alert wrong-way drivers and increase the chance of them self- correcting their WWD behavior before causing a crash. The Florida Turnpike Enterprise (FTE) has installed “Wrong Way” signs illuminated with LEDs at 17 exit ramps on two limited-access facilities in South Florida: State Road (SR) 821 and SR 869. The Central Florida Expressway Authority (CFX) has installed “Wrong Way” signs with rectangular flashing beacons (RFBs) at 35 exit ramps on six 778933TRR XX X 10.1177/0361198118778933Transportation Research RecordKayes et al research-article 2018 1 Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida (UCF), Orlando, FL 2 Enforcement Engineering, Inc., Saint Johns, FL Corresponding Author: Address correspondence to Haitham Al-Deek: Haitham.Al-Deek@ucf.edu Analysis of Performance Data Collected from Two Wrong-Way Driving Advanced Technology Countermeasures and Results of Countermeasures Stakeholder Surveys Md Imrul Kayes 1 , Haitham Al-Deek 1 , Adrian Sandt 1 , John H. Rogers, Jr. 1 , and Grady Carrick 2 Abstract Wrong-way driving (WWD) often leads to severe collisions that cause serious injuries and deaths. Conventional “Wrong Way” signs can reduce WWD events, but can be insufficient in some cases. In areas with many WWD events, transportation agencies can be proactive by considering the use of countermeasures with advanced technologies to actively warn motorists of WWD violations. This paper analyzes recent performance data collected from two types of advanced technology WWD countermeasures implemented in Florida: light-emitting diode (LED) signs in South Florida and rectangular flashing beacon (RFB) signs in Central Florida. The 17 LED sites experienced a 38% reduction in WWD citations and 911 calls after the signs were installed. Images taken by the on-site cameras were examined to see how many vehicles turned around for both the RFB and LED treatment sites. Over 77% of the 170-detected wrong-way vehicles self-corrected their wrong-way movement at the RFB sites (each with two sets of signs and multiple cameras) and 14% self-corrected at the LED sites (each with one set of signs and one camera). Surveys were also conducted regarding these two WWD countermeasures. More than 73% of the 2,052 respondents preferred RFBs over LEDs, mainly due to the double set of RFB signs and their flashing pattern. The performance and survey results show that both the LEDs and RFBs have effectively reduced WWD movements. However, modifications could be made to both countermeasures to improve their detection ability and make wrong-way drivers more likely to turn around.