760 Slavic Review discernible legacy efects in the post-Soviet period? And how might this research help illuminate broader issues of family in socialist (or even non-socialist) systems? The fnal chapter summarizes the work, but does not address the larger importance of the fndings, or what further research might be catalyzed by the work. While more analy- sis would be welcome, the book is recommended to readers seeking a well-informed text that marries micro-level memories and macro-level policies and politics to show how the Soviet state shaped everyday family life. Daina S. Eglitis The George Washington University Citizens without Borders: Yugoslavia and its Migrant Workers in Western Europe. By Brigitte Le Normand. Toronto: Toronto University Press, 2021. xxii, 304 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Index. Illustrations. Photographs. Tables. $ 34.95, paper. doi: 10.1017/slr.2022.242 In this empirically rich and beautifully written book, Le Normand explores how the Yugoslav state engaged with its citizens employed in western Europe in the 1960s and 70s. Focusing primarily on Croatian migrants, Le Normand shows that migrants were not passive recipients of Yugoslav propaganda but rather actively participated in communications with the Yugoslav state. The book also shows that homeland was diferently defned and promoted by diverse actors at the federal, national, and local state levels. Accordingly, Le Normand shows that the transnational relation between Yugoslav migrants and the homeland was not a coherent whole. To do so, Le Normand ofers an in-depth analysis of a broad range of primary sources, each of which explores one transnational tie, making it a methodologically innovative book. The book is divided in two parts. The frst part, entitled “Seeing Migrants,” is comprised of Chapters 2 and 3. Chapter 2 explains that the Yugoslav authorities per- ceived migrants as an integral part of the Yugoslav community. The migrants were temporarily absent and needed to be constantly measured and monitored through collection and analysis of statistical data and surveys. This chapter also examines the Croatian Spring in some detail to show how labor emigration was seen as a Croat national problem by the Croat national movement and Croatian reformists at the turn of the 1970s. Chapter 3 is concerned with representations of labor migrants in both feature and documentary flms. It shows how flmmakers were deeply engaged with the reasons for labor migration and its negative impact on families and communities. While both state authorities and flmmakers tended to deny agency to migrants, flm- makers also victimized them to denounce the failure of Yugoslav modernity. Entitled “Building Ties,” the second part of the book is comprised of six chapters that provide examples of the multiple ways in which migrants engaged with diferent understandings of homeland promoted at diferent Yugoslav administrative levels. Chapter 4 shows that the radio program To Our Citizens of the World, broadcast by Radio Zagreb, promoted a Yugoslav sense of belonging from below through readings of migrants’ letters, broadcasting popular songs, and delivering practical information that connected the everyday life of Yugoslavs abroad and at home. Chapter 5 contra- poses the “apolitical pan-Yugoslav concept of homeland” (135) promoted by the radio program To Our Citizens of the World with the local newspaper Imotska Krajina, which linked the promotion of local identity to support for the idea of homeland advocated by the Croat national movement. Chapter 7 also deals with the impact of the Croatian Spring on Croat migrants’ relations with the Yugoslav political project. It analyzes the results of a survey conducted among Yugoslav labor migrants during the Croatian https://doi.org/10.1017/slr.2022.242 Published online by Cambridge University Press