Agricultural Water Management 169 (2016) 90–97 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Agricultural Water Management journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/agwat Tomato yield, nitrogen uptake and water use efficiency as affected by planting geometry and level of nitrogen in an arid region M.A. Badr a,∗ , S.D. Abou-Hussein b , W.A. El-Tohamy b a Plant Nutrition Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt b Vegetable Research Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 6 May 2015 Received in revised form 1 February 2016 Accepted 13 February 2016 Keywords: Tomato yield Drip irrigation Nitrogen levels N uptake Nitrogen use efficiency Water use efficiency a b s t r a c t Water has always been the main factor limiting crop production in arid and semi-arid regions where rainfall is insufficient to meet crop demand. The invite to improve water use efficiency and crop produc- tivity, to ensure future food security, has never been more urgent. Tomato yield performance was studied under different planting methods combined with different nitrogen (N) levels to evaluate the potentials and constraints of plant arrangement under drip irrigation for sustaining crop yield, N uptake, N use efficiency (NUE) and water use efficiency (WUE). Three planting methods were tested included arrange- ment of tomato plants in single rows, 100 cm apart (SR), normal twin rows at 40/160 cm alternately (NT) and dense twin rows at 40/100 cm alternately (DT), which resulted in rising total plant population by 150% as high as SR and NT. This was done along with four N levels (120, 180, 240 and 300 kg N ha −1 ), applied continuously by drip irrigation system. Drip laterals were laid out along each single row or in the center of the twin rows; consequently the relative number of laterals and water applied were reduced by 50% and 75% for NT and DT, respectively compared with SR. Dense twin planting produced 24% higher tomato fruit yield over SR although 75% of irrigation water was applied. Otherwise, NT with 50% saving in irrigation water and cost of drip laterals can be realized by loss only 15% fruit yield as compared with SR. Nitrogen supply tended to increase tomato fruit yield significantly up to the highest level of N with all planting methods. The interaction effect of planting method × level of N was significant for almost yield components. Nitrogen supply increased tomato N uptake linearly with maximum N removal from the field 193 kg ha −1 under DT and N 300 treatment combination, which contributed to higher fruit yield and total dry biomass. The lowest N treatment (N 120 ) gave the higher N recovery with all planting methods, despite the sand texture of the soil. NUE was higher under DT as compared with SR but the NUE consis- tently decreased with increase level of N supply with all planting methods. WUE of both twin planting were higher (69% for NT and 64% for DT) compared with SR indicating to efficient use of water applied under this method of planting. The results of this study suggest that dense twin planting can be viable and rational practice to increase crop yield and saving substantial amount of irrigation water as well as cost of drip laterals. © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Optimum use of irrigation water and nitrogen is one of the most important agricultural management in balancing crop yield and water use efficiency in arid region. Moreover, shortage water availability and escalating irrigation costs along with high prices ∗ Corresponding author at: National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt. (ID: 60014618). Fax: +20 2 33370931. E-mail addresses: badrmab@hotmail.com (M.A. Badr), shaban abouhussein@yahoo.com (S.D. Abou-Hussein), wael eltohamy@hotmail.com (W.A. El-Tohamy). of fertilizers have caused attention to adopt practices to improve water and N use efficiency. Under this situation, drip irrigation is the most efficient irrigation method with the aim to address many of the problems facing irrigated lands (Kumar and Singh, 2002; Gardenas et al., 2005). Drip irrigation does not wet the entire surface of the soil, making the possibility of reducing evaporation and thereby increase crop water use efficiency (Simonne et al., 2007). Moreover, Cetin and Uygan (2008) observed 42% higher WUE in tomato when one lateral was placed between two plant rows. The use of drip irrigation also facilitates frequent fertilizer application via injection in the irrigation system, which allows improving the conjunction between nutrient application and crop nutrient uptake (Zotarelli et al., 2009). A better understanding of the http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.02.012 0378-3774/© 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.