FASCICULI ARCHAEOLOGIAE HISTORICAE FASC. XXII, PL ISSN 0860-0007 ALEKSANDER BOŁDYREW HUNTSMEN'S WEAPONS ON THE COURT OF PRINCE SIGISMUND JAGIELLON On the turn of the Middle Ages there were several courts in the area dominated by the Jagiellon dynasty Each of them had a separate system although the common fea- ture was a political separation and financial state. The latter depended on income much smaller than that of the royal or emperor's courts. The income of the prince's court was sup- ported by the closest area or province which created only a minor part of the agricultural potential of the Polish Crown or the Holy Crown of Hungary. The example of the prince's courts are the courts of Sigismund Jagiellon (Zygmunt Jagiellończyk), later the king of Poland - Sigismund I the Old (of Buda, Głogów and Opava) 1 . The hand-written leg- acy of each of the Sigismund's courts is exceptional as there are the whole books of bills which are of a huge importance for the studies of weapon 2 . The books of bills have not been published as a complete work except for fragments referring to particular issues 3 . The road to the reign of Sigismund Jagiellon was facili- tated by the cession of the rights to Głogów duchy and other titles to Silesia originated by John I Albert of Poland (Jan Olbracht) for Ladislaus Jagiellon (Władysław Jagiellończyk) in 1498. Sigismund settled in Buda where, close to the royal place of residence, he created his own court 4 . He was 31 when he took over the power in Głogów duchy. In 1501 Sigismund additionally attained Opava duchy, and three years later (1504) he became the governor of Silesia and Lusatia replacing prince Casimir of Cieszyn. It is worth mentioning that he did not immediately start reigning in the 1 The most significant courts of this part of Europe see A. Mączak, Rządzący i rządzeni. Władza i społeczeństwo w Euro- pie nowożytnej,Warszawa 1986, p. 251, a map " Główne dwory pa- nujących na terenie Rzeszy i krajów sąsiednich w XV-XVIII w.". 2 AGAD, ASK, Detachment 1, Royal Bills, sign. 29 (The Bills of Krzysztof Szydłowiecki from the incomes and expenses of the king Sigismund's court, 1500-1504) (later quoted AGAD 29; ibi- dem, Sign. 33 (the Bills of Krzysztof Szydłowiecki from the in- comes and expenses of the king Sigismund's court, 1504 - 1507) (later quoted AGAD 33). 3 Zsigmond lengyel herczeg Budai szamadasai (1500-1502, 1505), ed A. Diveky, Budapest 1914; A. Pawiński, Młode lata Zyg- munta Starego, Warszawa 1893 (later quoted Zsigmond). 4 S. Nowogrodzki, Rządy Zygmunta Jagiellończykana Śląsku iwŁużycach (1499-1506),Kraków 1937, pp. 11-12. area but he stayed for a while in his Buda court 5 . His reign in Silesia was highly valued even at that time. Nowadays historiograhic sources estimate the period of his rule in the same way 6 . Sigismund I the Old, later the king of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania adored hunting. Therefore he participated in such expeditions often and with a great enthusiasm. Unfortunately sometimes he did not take into consideration the consequences of practising this hobby. A perfect example is Marcin Bielski's story of the hunting expedition in Niepołomice on September 23, 1527. During the quest for the game a big bear brought from Lithuania was let out of a cage and it hurt dogs, a battue, a chamberlain of Ożarów but also Tarło, a man responsible for cutting the king's food, and queen Bona. Escaping Bona fell off the horse and miscarried her second son, Albert. In spite of the fact, the king sneered at a court jester, Stańczyk that running away he acted as a clown not a knight. According to some sources, Stańczyk reposted that a bigger fool is the one who having a bear in a cage releases it to his own disadvantage 7 . During the accident Tarło wanted to approach it (the bear - A.B.) on foot with a gig but the bear tore it out 8 . The gigs made of big spearshafts and with a massive spearhead were one sort 5 Z. Wojciechowski, Zygmunt Stary (1506-1548),Warszawa 1946, pp. 14-16. 6 J. L. Decius, Sigismundi regis tempora,Kraków 1986 (fotooffset from ed. Kraków 1521), p. LIX; J. L. Decjusz,Księga o czasach króla Zygmunta,transi. К. Komaniecki et al., Warszawa 1960, p. 23. F. Papee, Jan Olbracht,edition II, Kraków 1999, p.26.; S. Nowogrodzki, op.cit., pp. 14-15,28-47 (reign in Głogów), pp. 16- 17,48-54 (reign in Opava), pp. 55-89 (domestic policy of the prince and the governor of Silesia); L. Finkel, Elekcya Zygmunta I. Spra- wy dynasty i jagiellońskiej i unii polsko litewskiej,Kraków 1910, p. 21 (the court of Sigismund Jagiellon in Głogów). About the role of Sigismund Jagiellon in the customs duty war of the Crown and Wrocław see J. Warężak, Polska polityka handlowo-celna wzglę- dem Śląska i Wrocławia za Zygmunta Starego,Warszawa 1930, p. 4; K. Maleczyński, Dzieje Wrocławia,part 1: to 1526, Katowice 1948, pp.226-227. 7 M. Bobrzyński, Szkice i studia historyczne,vol. II, Kraków 1922, p. 118; Z. Wojciechowski, op. cit., p. 96; M. Bogucka, Bona Sforza, Wrocław 1998, p. 137. 8 M. Bielski, Kronika polska,ed. K. J. Turowski, Sanok 1856, p. 1061. The whole event was accidentally placed by the author under the date of 1533. 109 www.rcin.org.pl www.rcin.org.pl