Citation: Bombal, E.; Manteca, X.; Tallo-Parra, O. A Protocol to Assess the Welfare of Patagonian Huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) in Conservation Centers. Animals 2023, 13, 2495. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ani13152495 Academic Editor: Emiliano Mori Received: 26 May 2023 Revised: 20 July 2023 Accepted: 21 July 2023 Published: 2 August 2023 Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). animals Article A Protocol to Assess the Welfare of Patagonian Huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) in Conservation Centers Enrique Bombal 1 , Xavier Manteca 1,2, * and Oriol Tallo-Parra 1,2 1 Zoo Animal Welfare Education Centre (ZAWEC), Animal Welfare Education Centre (AWEC), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; enrique.bombal@gmail.com (E.B.); oriol.tallo@uab.cat (O.T.-P.) 2 Department of Animal and Food Science, School of Veterinary Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain * Correspondence: xavier.manteca@uab.cat Simple Summary: Animal welfare is an important aspect of conservation programs for endangered species. Wild species can be bred and kept in captivity but, unlike domestic animals, there is a lack of welfare-assessment protocols for most of these species. In this study, we developed a protocol for the assessment of the welfare of Patagonian huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) in conservation, centers. We gathered the existing research on the behavior, ecology, conservation and captive management for this species. We used a welfare-assessment protocol for cattle as our starting point and suggested 23 indicators to assess welfare in Patagonian huemuls. This proposed protocol, which is the first protocol for assessing Patagonian huemul welfare, is rigorous and systematic, but also simple and practical. Further research is needed to validate the protocol in conservation centers; nevertheless, this protocol could be used as a basis for the development of new welfare-assessment protocols for other deer species. Abstract: Animal-welfare-assessment protocols are important for identifying welfare problems in conservation programs. This study aimed to develop a baseline welfare protocol for the assessment of the welfare of Patagonian huemuls (Hippocamelus bisulcus) in conservation centers. This protocol is based on the Welfare Quality ® (WQ) framework for cattle and was developed with the consideration of the available research on the behaviors, ecology, conservation, and captive management of this species, as well as welfare-assessment protocols for other ungulate species. As a result, the protocol was specifically developed for Patagonian huemuls and included four principles, 12 criteria, and 23 animal- and resource-based indicators. The twelve criteria of the WQ protocol were reduced to nine, and three new criteria were added because they were both feasible and essential for welfare assessment in captive Patagonian huemuls. This protocol is mainly intended to identify welfare problems in endangered species in the context of conservation centers (reproduction, rescue, re- habilitation, or treatment centers). Thus, the aggregation of different measures to obtain a global score was not proposed. However, a scoring system that assigns a value on a 0–2 scale (0 = no welfare concern; 1 = welfare concern; 2 = urgent welfare concern) was proposed for each category. Although further research is still needed to fully validate the protocol, this is the first development of a protocol to assess Patagonian huemul welfare, and it can be used as a basis for the development of welfare-assessment protocols for other deer species in captivity. Keywords: behavior; captivity; Hippocamelus bisulcus; huemul; animal-based measures; welfare assessment 1. Introduction Animal welfare is a priority in ex situ conservation programs [1]. Guaranteeing the best welfare status of captive animals is important not only for ethical reasons, but also Animals 2023, 13, 2495. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13152495 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/animals