Citation: Kindra, V.; Maksimov,I.; Oparin, M.; Zlyvko, O.; Rogalev, A. Hydrogen Technologies: A Critical Review and Feasibility Study. Energies 2023, 16, 5482. https:// doi.org/10.3390/en16145482 Academic Editor: Konstantinos Christoforidis Received: 30 June 2023 Revised: 14 July 2023 Accepted: 18 July 2023 Published: 19 July 2023 Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). energies Review Hydrogen Technologies: A Critical Review and Feasibility Study Vladimir Kindra * , Igor Maksimov , Maksim Oparin, Olga Zlyvko and Andrey Rogalev Department of Innovative Technologies for High-Tech Industries, National Research University “Moscow Power Engineering Institute”, Krasnokazarmennaya, 14, 111250 Moscow, Russia; maksimovia98@gmail.com (I.M.); oparinmv@mpei.ru (M.O.); zlyvkoov@mpei.ru (O.Z.); rogalevan@mpei.ru (A.R.) * Correspondence: kindra.vladimir@yandex.ru Abstract: Nowadays, one of the most important areas in refining the energy sector in the developed countries is the transition to environmentally friendly technologies, and hydrogen energy production is the most promising of them. In this rapidly advancing area, significant progress in creating new technologies for hydrogen fuel generation, transportation, storage, and consumption has been recently observed, while a fast-growing number of research papers and implemented commercial projects related to hydrogen makes it necessary to give their general review. In particular, the combination of the latest achievements in this area is of particular interest with a view to analyzing the possibility of creating hydrogen fuel supply chains. This paper presents an analytical review of existing methods of hydrogen production, storage, and transportation, including their key economic and energy-related characteristics, and proposes an approach to the creation, analysis, and optimization of hydrogen supply chains. A mathematical model has been developed to determine the cost of hydrogen, taking into account the supply chain, including production, transport and storage. Based on the results of modeling in the given scenario conditions for 2030, 2040 and 2050, promising hydrogen supply chains have been established. Under the various scenario conditions, hydrogen production by 2050 is most preferable by the method of steam conversion of methane with a cost of 8.85 USD/kg H 2 . However, due to the environmental effect, electrolysis also remains a promising technology with a cost of hydrogen produced of 17.84 USD/kg. Keywords: hydrogen energy; supply chains; hydrogen storage; hydrogen production; hydro- gen transportation 1. Introduction Today, governments of many countries have updated their energy strategies [1,2] to add new goals to reduce harmful emissions into the environment, primarily carbon dioxide emissions. This trend, first and foremost, is motivated by the problem of global climate change. According to [3], the energy sector makes the greatest contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for more than 42% of the total emissions. Hydrogen is one of the most common elements occurring in nature, and its potential as a source of energy has long attracted the attention of scientists and engineers [4]. In recent years, interest in hydrogen technologies has only intensified, and this is not surprising as hydrogen can become a key factor in the transition to more environmentally friendly and more efficient production and transport options, as well as in light of the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and shift to more environmentally friendly energy sources [5], since hydrogen combustion does not produce carbon dioxide emissions, but only water. In addition to environmental cleanliness, one of the main advantages of hydrogen is its high energy density; this means that small amounts of hydrogen can be used to produce a large energy bulk. In addition, hydrogen can be obtained from several sources, including water, biomass, and various gases, such as methane [6], which makes it more affordable and more cost-effective [7]. Energies 2023, 16, 5482. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16145482 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/energies