Sexuality Research and Social Policy: Journal of NSRC , Vol. 2, Issue 4, pp. 4-17, online ISSN 1553-6610. © 2005 by the National
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December 2005 Vol. 2, No. 4
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Deborah L. Tolman, Center for Research on Gender and
Sexuality, San Francisco State University, 2017 Mission Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, CA 94110. E-mail: dtolman@sfsu.edu ;
Celeste Hirschman, E-mail: celeste_amor@hotmail.com ; Emily A. Impett, E-mail: eimpett@sfsu.edu
Sexuality Research & Social Policy
Journal of NSRC http://nsr c.sfsu.edu
There Is More to the Story: The Place of Qualitative
Research on Female Adolescent Sexuality in Policy Making
Deborah L. Tolman, Celeste Hirschman, Emily A. Impett
Abstract: Individual testimonials have an unprecedented currency in policy making about adolescent
sexuality. While highly problematic as grounds for making policy, the current deployment of testimo-
nials as evidence may in fact provide an unexpected opportunity for qualitative researchers to capitalize
on the power of stories to influence policy makers’ decisions. Qualitative research combines the power
of stories with methodological rigor, providing policy makers with important information about the
complexity of problems and suggesting possible solutions. In this article, we use the case of sexuality
education policy making, which, in 1996, shifted to fund abstinence-only programs exclusively. By intro-
ducing key findings from qualitative research on female adolescent sexuality about gender inequality,
we demonstrate the ways in which the sexuality education debate has left out central developmental
and interpersonal aspects of girls’sexuality. We then discuss the ways in which the findings from these
qualitative studies can be used to inform sexuality education policies and practices.
Key words: abstinence-only education; comprehensive sexuality education; adolescent sexuality;
female adolescence
At a special hearing of the U.S. Senate on abstinence-
only education in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania (Committee
on Appropriations United States Senate, 2004), Senator
Arlen Specter (R-Pennsylvania) questioned a panel of
young people who had received or had taught abstinence-
only education in their public school classrooms. Jennifer
Bruno, a youth board member and student at Lehigh
Valley High School in Pennsylvania, described the fol-
lowing experience:
I was at a party and I was with my friends, and all
of us had a boyfriend. So most of the girls that were
my friends were like going to rooms and kissing
and everything. And two of my best friends decided
that they were going to go with their boyfriends
downstairs and they asked me if I wanted to go,
and I said no because I knew what was going to
happen. So after the party was over, I went to the
performing arts school and they went to Liberty.
And I didn’t see them for like 3 months. I recently
found out that both of them had babies. And I was
proud of the decision that I had made that I chose
to stay abstinent. (p. 32)
In response to this testimonial, Senator Specter, a
strong supporter of abstinence-only education, declared,
“That’s pretty persuasive proof I’d say” (Committee on
Appropriations United States Senate, 2004, p. 34). With
this statement, Senator Specter ensured that the intended
purpose of Bruno’s statement was clear: This isolated,
decontextualized, and unanalyzed testimonial by a single
individual was meant to count as “proof” that abstinence-
only education works. Throughout the hearings, sup-
porters of abstinence-only education punctuated their
presentation of statistical data with adolescents and
authoritative advocates telling their stories. Such stories
included excerpts from student letters and personal
observations about changes in young people’s behavior,
including Reverend Kenneth Page’s assertion that
“students have become more open to talking about