Jurnal Transnasional, Vol. 4, No. 2, Februari 2013 774 Somalia dan Perubahan Peran Penjaga perdamaian Pada Era George Bush, Clinton dan Boutros-Ghali Yusnarida Eka Nizmi ∗ Abstract This article examines the changing of role of peacekeeping in Bush’s mandate, Clinton’s mandate and Boutros-Ghali’s mandate. Rapid delivery of food to starving Somalis is the goal of peacekeeping in Bush’s administration. For President Clinton, peacekeeping has to assume responsibility for the consolidation, expansion and maintenance of a secure environment. During Boutros Boutros-Ghali’s tenure, peacekeeping came to refer to almost any activity in which conflict resolution was carried out by a multinational force under the auspices of the UN. This new conception dissolved the lines between humanitarian missions, peacekeeping, and military engagement. Somalia had become a good example of what was becoming known as a “failed state”- a people without a government strong enough to govern the country or represent it in international organizations; a country whose poverty, disorganization, refugee flows, political instability, and random warfare had the potential to spread across borders and threaten the stability of other states and the peace of the region. This article shows that UNITAF, Gorge Bush’s mission to deliver food and medicine to a starving Somalia, was successful.UNOSOM II undertaken by the Clinton administration and the UN, and aimed at nation building, was a predictable failure that was abondened after unexpected casualties. Key Words: Somalia, Failed State, Peacekeeping Operations, Bush’s mandate, Clinton’s mandate, Boutros-Ghali’s mandate Pendahuluan Konsep negara yang gagal muncul pertama kali ketika terjadi krisis di Somalia dan Haiti dan datangnya era Clinton. Pada salah satu artikel yang cukup berpengaruh dalam pembuatan kebijakan luar negeri, Gerald B. Helman dan Steven R. Ratner menjelaskan negara gagal sebagai sebuah fenomena yang mengganggu: sebuah negara yang kurang berkembang dengan karakteristik “mayoritas masyarakatnya yang miskin, pemerintah yang tidak berfungsi (hancur), dan tidak adanya pergerakan ekonomi” dan tidak adanya kemampuan dari negara tersebut untuk terlibat aktif dalam komunitas internasional”. 1 Gelombang pengungsi, instabilitas politik, dan penyebaran kesejahteraan yang sangat tidak merata juga menjadi identitas yang melekat pada negara-negara gagal. ∗ Sekretaris Jurusan Hubungan Internasional FISIP Universitas Riau 1 Gerald B. Helman and Steven R. Ratner, “Saving Failed States, “ Foreign Policy 89 (Winter 1992-1993): 3