Copyrights © Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). All writings published in this journal are personal views of the author and do not represent the views of this journal and the author’s affiliated institutions. Protection of Patent Holders’ Rights in Indonesia: Between Theories and Practices Uche Nnawulezi Faculty of Law, Bowen University, Nigeria uche.nnawulezi@bowen.edu.ng Eva Diah Pitaloka Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia evadiahpitaloka@students.unnes.ac.id Indah Fitri Cahyani Center for Global Trade Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia indahfitricahyani06@unnes.ac.id Julian Naridha Putri Center for Intellectual Property Rights Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia liaaridha05@unnes.ac.id Abstract Intellectual property constitutes a vital aspect of rights, with patents being a crucial element of intellectual property rights (IPRs). A patent grants an inventor the exclusive right, recognized by the state, to their technological invention for a specified duration, either for personal implementation or through agreements with others. Patents hold great strategic and economic significance for their owners, offering legal protection under national law. This protection serves to incentivize creators to advance quantity and quality, fostering prosperity and a healthy business environment within society. Indonesia, as an active participant in international trade, ratified Journal of Private and Commercial Law A peer-reviewed journal published by Faculty of Law Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia. The title has been indexed by DOAJ, SINTA, GARUDA. ISSN 2599-0314 (Print) 2599-0306 (Online) Online at https://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/jpcl/index