S1 Ramendra K. Pal a , Subhas C. Kundu b , Vamsi K. Yadavalli a * a Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W Main Street, Richmond VA, USA 23284, Email: vyadavalli@vcu.edu b 3Bs Research Group, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, Guimaraes, Portugal *Corresponding author