Mini Review Volume 25 Issue 3 - July 2023 DOI: 10.19080/JGWH.2023.25.556162 J Gynecol Women’s Health Copyright © All rights are reserved by Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu J Gynecol Women’s Health 25(3): JGWH.MS.ID.556162 (2023) 001 Journal of Gynecology and Women’s Health ISSN 2474-7602 An Update on Polycystic Ovarion Syndrome Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu 1 * and Getrude Uzoma Obeagu 2 1 Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Kampala International University, Uganda 2 School of Nursing, Kampala International University, Uganda Submission: July 03, 2023; Published: July 06, 2023 *Corresponding author: Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Kampala International University, Uganda Introduction Reproductive, metabolic, and endocrine abnormalities are all part of the common hormonal disorder known as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) [1]. It affects 5 to 15% of women who are reproductive age [2]. The endocrine condition known as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is frequently seen and is characterized by abnormalities in the reproductive, metabolic, and endocrine systems. A common endocrine condition that affects women of reproductive age is polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), which is characterized by a complex interplay of hormonal, metabolic, and reproductive dysregulation [1]. One of the most prevalent endocrine disorders in women, it is thought to affect 6 to 20 percent of women globally [3]. Menstrual irregularities, hyperandrogenism, polycystic ovaries, and metabolic disturbances are just a few of the clinical signs and symptoms of polycystic ovarian syndrome [2]. As a result of disrupted ovulation and hormonal imbalances, menstrual irregularities, also known as oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, appear [4-7]. Etiology of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome The exact cause of PCOS remains unclear, but it is believed to involve a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors [8]. Genetic predisposition, insulin resistance, and elevated androgen levels have been implicated in the development of PCOS (Barber et al., 2016). The cause of PCOS is multifactorial, involving a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors. Genetic Predisposition Genetic predisposition is believed to play a significant role, with studies identifying several candidate genes associated with PCOS susceptibility. Insulin resistance, characterized by impaired tissue response to insulin, is a key pathophysiological feature in PCOS. Elevated insulin levels stimulate ovarian androgen production, contributing to hyperandrogenism, a hallmark of PCOS [8]. Other potential contributing factors include dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and alterations in adipokines and inflammatory markers [9]. Insulin Resistance Insulin resistance is a key feature in the pathogenesis of PCOS. It refers to the diminished response of target tissues, such as muscle, liver, and adipose tissue, to the action of insulin [8]. Insulin resistance leads to compensatory hyperinsulinemia, which stimulates the ovaries to produce excessive androgens [10]. Insulin resistance in PCOS is thought to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and dietary factors. Abstract A common and complicated endocrine condition that affects women of reproductive age is polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). The key characteristics of PCOS, the difficulties in diagnosing it, and its effects on reproductive and metabolic health are all highlighted in this abstract. The link between PCOS and infertility is examined, along with suggested treatment options. This paper aims to increase knowledge and comprehension of PCOS among medical professionals and the general public by highlighting the condition’s complex nature. One of the most common endocrine disorders in women is polycystic ovarian syndrome, which is estimated to affect 6 to 20 percent of women worldwide. Keywords: Polycystic ovarian syndrome; Women; Infertility