Citation: Semeraro, T.; Scarano, A.; Leggieri, A.; Calisi, A.; De Caroli, M. Impact of Climate Change on Agroecosystems and Potential Adaptation Strategies. Land 2023, 12, 1117. https://doi.org/10.3390/ land12061117 Academic Editor: Nir Krakauer Received: 13 April 2023 Revised: 19 May 2023 Accepted: 20 May 2023 Published: 23 May 2023 Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). land Review Impact of Climate Change on Agroecosystems and Potential Adaptation Strategies Teodoro Semeraro 1,2, * , Aurelia Scarano 3, * , Angelo Leggieri 4 , Antonio Calisi 5 and Monica De Caroli 1,6 1 Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Campus Ecotekne, 73100 Lecce, Italy; monica.decaroli@unisalento.it 2 Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET-URT Lecce), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Campus Ecotekne, 73100 Lecce, Italy 3 C.N.R. Unit of Lecce, Institute of Science of Food Production, 73100 Lecce, Italy 4 Independent Researcher, Via Firenze 24, 74100 Taranto, Italy; dott.angeloleggieri@gmail.com 5 Department of Science and Technological Innovation (DISIT), University of Eastern Piedmont, Viale Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; antonio.calisi@uniupo.it 6 NBCF National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy * Correspondence: teodoro.semeraro@unisalento.it or teodoro.semeraro@cnr.it (T.S.); aurelia.scarano@ispa.cnr.it (A.S.); Tel.: +39-320-8778174 (T.S.); +39-328-4853513 (A.S.) Abstract: Agriculture is currently one of the leading economic sectors most impacted by climate change. Due to its great field of application and its susceptibility to meteorological variability, the effects of climate change on agriculture have significant social and economic consequences for human well-being. Moreover, the increasing need for land spaces for population growth has produced strong competition between food and urbanization, leading to a loss of the agroecosystem that supports food security. This review aims to understand the main risks generated by climate change in agricultural production and the potential strategies that can be applied to increase agriculture’s resilience. Agri- cultural risk can be linked to the decrease in the productivity of foods, weed overgrowth at the crops expense, increase in parasites, water availability, soil alteration, negative impact on production costs and consequent change in the adopted cultivars, reduction in the pollination process, intense fires, and alteration of product quality. Thus, climate change can impact the provisioning of ecosystem services, reducing food security in terms of quantity and quality for future generations. Finally, in this review, we report the main adaptation strategies to increase agroecosystem resilience in adverse environments generated by climate change. Mainly, we highlight new technologies, such as new breeding technologies and agrivoltaic and smart agricultural applications, which, combined with agroecosystems, can reduce the agricultural risks following climate change (for example, drought events and low availability of water). We suggest that the combination of natural capital and tech- nologies can be defined as an “innovation-based solution” able to support and increase ecosystem service flow in agroecosystems. Keywords: climate change; agricultural resilience; adaptation strategies; provisioning ecosystem services; natural capital 1. Introduction Since the last century, there has been awareness that human life is directly and indi- rectly dependent on the capacity of the ecosystem to support goods and services, overall defined as ecosystem services [1,2]. Indeed, 50% of global Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is dependent on nature [3]. Natural capital can be defined as a flow of ecosystem services provided by the world’s stock of natural resources, including biodiversity, soil, water, and air [4–6]. In addition, it is characterized by ecological processes and structures that are the basis for ecosystem services, and new knowledge in combination with new technologies can influence the Land 2023, 12, 1117. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12061117 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/land