Blockchain for Intelligent Transportation Systems: Applications, Challenges, and Opportunities Debashis Das, Sourav Banerjee, Pushpita Chatterjee, Uttam Ghosh, and Utpal Biswas Abstract— Blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize the way Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) operate in smart cities. By providing a secure and decentralized platform for data exchange and storage, blockchain can enhance the security, privacy, and interoperability of ITS systems. Blockchain technology can be used for various applications in ITS, including secure data exchange between vehicles, infrastructure, and service providers, smart contracts for autonomous vehicles, and decentralized marketplaces for transportation services. However, implementing blockchain in ITS comes with its own set of challenges, including scalability and high computational power requirements. Despite the challenges, blockchain technology offers significant opportunities for ITS in smart cities, enabling new business models and promoting innovation in transportation services. In this paper, we study existing challenges, applications, and future requirements for ITS. We discuss the challenges of the ITS and their impact on smart cities. Blockchain-enabled applications are provided with performance analysis based on the critical parameters of ITS. We also derive the security requirements for future ITS. Finally, we provide some opportunities and possible research areas within the ITS to develop smart cities. Index Terms—Blockchain, Intelligent Transportation System, Internet of Vehicles, Smart Cities, Vehicular Networks, Data Privacy, Decentralized System. I. INTRODUCTION NTELLIGENT Transportation Systems (ITS) refer to advanced technology applications designed to improve the efficiency, safety, and sustainability of transportation systems [1]. ITS utilize a range of communication, sensing, and control technologies to gather, process, and disseminate information to improve decision-making and reduce congestion, emissions, and accidents. Examples of ITS applications include intelligent traffic management systems, connected and autonomous vehicles, electronic toll collection, real-time traveler information systems, and advanced public transportation systems. ITS technologies rely on data generated from various sources, such as sensors, cameras, and GPS devices, which are then analyzed using algorithms and D. Das is with the Department of CSE, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India (e-mail: debashis.das@ieee.org). S. Banerjee, is with the Department of CSE, Kalyani Government Engineering College, Kalyani, India (e-mail: mr.sourav.banerjee@ieee.org). P. Chatterjee is with Department EE and CS, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA (e-mail: pushpita.c@ieee.org). U. Ghosh is with Department of CS and DS, Meharry Medical College (MMC), Nashville, TN, USA (e-mail: ghosh.uttam@ieee.org). U. Biswas is with the Department of CSE, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India (e-mail: utpalbiswas@klyuniv.ac.in). machine learning techniques to generate insights and optimize transportation operations. The implementation of ITS can enhance mobility, reduce transportation costs, improve safety, and reduce environmental impacts, making it a critical area of focus for transportation planners and policymakers. Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication is an emerging technology that is transforming the way we think about transportation. V2I communication allows vehicles to exchange data with infrastructure, such as traffic signals, road signs, and other roadside equipment. This technology is essential for the development of connected and automated vehicles, as it enables them to make more informed decisions based on real-time information about their surroundings.V2I technology has the potential to revolutionize transportation by improving safety, reducing congestion, and enhancing the overall efficiency of the transportation system. By providing vehicles with up-to-date information about traffic conditions, road hazards, and other relevant factors, V2I communication can help drivers make more informed decisions, such as choosing the best route to their destination or adjusting their speed to avoid accidents. Notwithstanding the fast growth, owing to its resource constraints and its decentralized wireless nature, Internet of Vehicles (IoV) faces a lot of safety problems [2]. Fig. 1 shows the improvement in research work done over the last 2 decades in this area. The IoV is the evolving network consisting of Internet of things-enabled vehicles with the use of advanced devices and communication implementation to assist keep traffic congestion and more efficient caravan surveillance and casualty deterrence. IoV is particularly essential for automated vehicles since they can interact with other vehicles between them immediately. There are various steps to activate IoV [3], but the main step is to integrate the vehicles into the integrated IoV network with wireless internet technology. In a blockchain environment, information is stored by providing security and Fig. 1. Research work done on ITS security issues. I This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Internet of Things Journal. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited and content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/JIOT.2023.3277923 © 2023 IEEE. 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