The PIDE Research Report Series offers an up-to-date exposition of various economic, demographic, and anthropological aspects of the development process in developing countries generally and in Pakistan particularly. Its wide dissemination is aimed at providing a firm foundation for useful policy-making in addition to encouraging academic interaction. The major areas of research addressed by the Series are macroeconomics and sectoral issues, international trade, labour market issues, demographic patterns, anthropological approaches, growth, and distribution. Manuscripts submitted for publication in the Series are reviewed by the PIDE Research Report Committee and published from time to time. PIDE Research Report Committee Rehana Siddiqui Naushin Mahmood ISBN 969-461-120-2 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise—without prior permission of the author and or the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, P. O. Box 1091, Islamabad 44000. © Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, 2003.