South African Journal of Education
Copyright © 2008 EASA
Vol 28:91–101
Understanding teacher identity from a symbolic interactionist
perspective: two ethnographic narratives
Brigitte Smit and Elzette Fritz
bsmit@uj.ac.za
In this ethnographic inquiry we portray two teacher narratives reflecting
educational change in the context of two South African schools. The study was
conducted as part of a larger inquiry into ten schools in urban South Africa. A
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decade of democracy begs some attention to educational progress and reform,
from the viewpoint of teachers and with the culture of their schools as the
inquiry’s landscape. We present two ethnographic narratives, crafted of a
typical ‘township/rural’ school, and an established Afrikaans school, with two
teachers as the main social actors. Data were sourced from passive obser-
vations, interviews, informal conversations, and journal data. These field texts
were analysed for content and narrative using, as methodological frame, the
‘Clandininian’ “metaphorical three-dimensional inquiry space”. Three data
themes, teacher authority, commitment to the profession in terms of staying or
leaving, and multitasking are theorised from a symbolic interactionist frame-
work, using constructs such as situational, social and personal identity. The
major finding of this inquiry speaks to the power of the working context, the
educational landscape, which appears to be a much stronger force in the
development of teacher identity than national educational policies.
Keywords: educational change; ethnography; narrative inquiry; symbolic
interactionism; teacher identity
Introducing the inquiry
In this article we address the concern of teacher identity in the context of
educational change. As is commonly known, teachers play a critical role in
educating the youth and advancing the social collective good for all citizens.
The way teachers see themselves as professionals and how they compose their
identities in schools is the focus of this ethnographic inquiry. This study
formed part of a larger research project involving 10 schools, an inquiry into
teacher identity, and the culture of schools. The purpose of this particular
inquiry was to portray two teacher narratives of teacher identity. The guiding
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research question, both for the project and this particular inquiry, was:
What constitutes the identity of the teacher and how does the establish-
ment of identity interface with the ethnographic characteristics of the
school in which the teachers work?
Data were analysed for content and narrative. Themes such as teacher autho-
rity, leaving the profession, and multitasking point to situational, social and
personal identity. We begin by explaining the theoretical framework, then we
describe the research design and methodology, and thereafter we describe and
interpret data themes.