A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON PRONIOSOMES: A NEW CONCEPT IN OCULAR DRUG DELIVERY Review Article AKHILESH PATEL 1 , UJWAL HAVELIKAR 1* , VIPIN SHARMA 2 , SUCHITRA YADAV 2 , SAKSHI RATHEE 2 , BINITA GHOSH 1 , KARTIK GILL 1 , GAMDHUR SINGH 1 , LALIT SHARMA 3 , ARINDAM KOLAY 1 1 NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Jaipur-303121, Rajasthan, India. 2 DDR College of Pharmacy Gurugram-122504, Haryana, India. 3 SGT University Gurugram-122505, Haryana, India * Corresponding author: Ujwal Havelikar; * Email: havelikar.ujwal@nimsuniversity.org Received: 12 Jun 2023, Revised and Accepted: 01 Aug 2023 ABSTRACT The concept of novel drug delivery with the comparison of modern and conventional delivery system. The Ocular is the most challenging organ to deliver drugs after the brain and conventional delivery systems currently available in the arsenal have severe limitations thus there is a strong demand for an improved ocular delivery system and a suitable opinion is a novel drug delivery system. Noisome and liposome are dominant vesicular carriers in ocular drug delivery, as both systems improve the bioavailability of drugs and are well tolerated in ocular; however, both delivery systems have critical drawbacks of physicochemical stability during storage, lacking contain in dispersion and fusion of nanoparticles. The gel form is formulated by the coacervation phase’s parathion method. The material utilized for the formulation of proniosomes are non-ionic surfactant, cholesterol, carrier and alcohol are well tolerable and nontoxic in the ocular. The benefits offered to ocular drug delivery are prolonged retention time of formulation on the ocular surface, enhance ocular penetration to deliver effective therapeutic dosage, improve bioavailability of hydrophobic, lipophilic and herbal drugs, biocompatible, biodegradable, nontoxic and stable stored in pro-vesicle state. Hereby article will review proniosomes drug delivery from the perspective of ophthalmic delivery, discussing proniosomes as an ocular carrier, materials and methods their effect on ocular drug delivery and depth explanation of recent studies of proniosome in the ocular. Proniosomes are one of the sterile drug delivery systems that have seen a tremendous increase in popularity and are heavily utilized in cancer therapy. Researchers and academicians generally agree that incorporating the medicine into niosomes will improve its ability to target tissues where it is needed. Proniosomes created by academics and researchers. Niosomes that are produced from protostomes are a promising medication delivery system. They are well known for avoiding several issues related to aqueous noisome dispersion as well as issues with physical stability such aggregation, fusion, and leakage. They make transportation, distribution, storage, and dosage even more convenient. Proniosomes not only present a promising medication delivery method but also have the potential to speed up the skin barrier's repair. Keywords: Ocular drug delivery, Proniosome, Bioavailability, Biocompatible, Lipophilic, Pro-vesicle © 2023 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2023v15i5.3048. Journal homepage: https://innovareacademics.in/journals/index.php/ijcpr INTRODUCTION The human eye is a sophisticated sensory organ with complex Physiology and anatomy, physiologically eye is divided into two segments Anterior and Posterior connect with each other and other sensory organs through a network of nerves, being a sensory organ eye is protected by various structural and functional defensive barriers [1, 2], Despite being fortified by complex defense mechanisms several diseases breach it either by Physical force or by immune-deficiency and systemic disease [3]. For the treatment of ocular disease, a conventional drug delivery system is utilized, and 90% of ophthalmic drug are primarily administered by a topical route, as topical administration of drugs seems to be an ideal route of administration. However, the topical dosage has to overcome the physicochemical barriers include drug lipophilicity, solubility, molecular size, biological barriers include tear film corneal epithelium, systemic absorption from conjunctival capillaries system, blood Aqueous barrier and blood-retina barrier and normal physiological actions like blinking, tear turnover and nasolacrimal drainage [3]. Topical eye drops, eye Solution or Suspension, and eye ointments are the popular dosage forms. Ointments offer an advantage over eye drops such as increased contact time, reduced nasolacrimal drainage, minimization of tear dilution and higher effective concentration at the site of application [4]. The main disadvantage is blurred vision however; the use of water-soluble bases called gels has increased recently due to their advantages such as spreadability, stability and low irritability. There is a wide range of ophthalmic products available in the market out of which 70% of prescriptions include conventional eye drops [5]. The reasons may be due to the ease of bulk scale manufacturing, high patient acceptability, drug product efficacy, stability and cost-effectiveness, however, for efficient ocular drug delivery with an eye drop, high corneal permeation with longer drug cornea contact time is required. This can’t be achievable by conventional ocular dosage forms. Peri-ocular and in traversal administration routes are used to overcome the inefficiency of topical dosage forms but they are not very patient- compliant [6] Table 1 discussed the benefits and challenges of conventional ocular dosage forms. Novel drug delivery systems are a suitable alternative to conventional ocular dosage forms [7]. Novel drug delivery systems, mainly vesicular carriers, are predominantly studied in ocular drug delivery; commonly studied are liposomes and noisome. Despite having all unique advantages, the major drawback of liposome is low physicochemical stability and high scale-up cost in manufacturing. Noisome introduced by L’Oreal in 1975 is an on-ionic surfactant formulation developed to overcome the physicochemical instability of liposome a lipid- based vesicle drug carrier; noisome classify chemical instability only however, physical instability like fusion, aggregation and leakage during storage still a concern in Noisome [8]. Pro- vesicular delivery system Proniosomes and Proniosomes have similar properties as a vesicular system but improved physicochemical stability thus effectively dealing with the drawbacks of the conventional vesicular system. Pro-liposome was introduced by Nicholas Payne and colleagues in 1986, which short out only the physical instability; chemical instability is still a concern and a vacuum or nitrogen atmosphere is required during storage to counter phosphatides choline oxidation [9, 10]. Proniosome was inducted by Hu and Rhodes in 1999, is a non- ionic surfactant-based drug carrier that resolves the major drawback of liposome, and niosomes proniosome and emerged as a potential drug delivery system in every aspect [11]. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research ISSN- 0975-7066 Vol 15, Issue 5, 2023