TABLE OF CONTENTS Fractional Calculus in Bioengineering, Part 3 195 Richard L. Magin Fractional Calculus Applied to Distributed Systems Characterized by Partial Differential Equations 196 Electrochemical Applications of Fractional Calculus 240 Biomedical Applications of Fractional Calculus 278 Summary 362 Annotated Bibliography 368 Acknowledgments 377 Critical Reviews TM in Biomedical Engineering Volume 32 / Issues 3&4 2004 Critical Reviews™ in Biomedical Engineering (ISSN 0278-940X) is published bimonthly and owned by Begell House, Inc., 145 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, telephone (212) 725-1999. US rate for 2004 is $1,233.00 to institutions; $225 to individuals. Add $10.00 per issue for foreign airmail shipping and handling fees to all orders shipped outside the United States or Canada. Personal (individual) subscriptions must be paid for by personal check or credit card. All subscriptions are payable in advance. Subscriptions are entered on an annual basis, i.e., January to December. For immediate service and charge card sales, call (212)725-1999 Monday through Friday, 9 a.m.–5 p.m. est. To order by fax: (212)213-8368. Send written orders to Begell House, Inc., Subscriptions Department, 145 Madison Avenue, NY NY 10016. Tis journal contains information from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the editor and the publisher assume no responsibility for any statements of fact or opinion expressed in the published papers or in the advertisements. Copyright © 2004 by Begell House, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Au- thorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by Begell House, Inc. for libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided that the base fee of $5.00 per copy, plus .00 per page is paid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate payment system has been arranged. Te fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is: [ISSN 0278-940X/04$5.00 + $0.00]. Te fee is subject to change without notice. Begell House, Inc.’s consent does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained from Begell House, Inc., for such copying. Critical Reviews™ in Biomedical Engineering is covered in Current Contents®/Life Sciences, the Scisearch® online database, the Research Alert™ service, the Science Citation Index™, and the Bio- medical Engineering Citation Index™; abstracted and indexed in the BIOSYS Database, Elsevier BIOBASE/Current Awareness in Biological Sciences, EMBASE/Excerpta Medica, Te Engineering Index and COMPENDEX.