Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Energy Storage journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/est Optimization and energy management of distributed energy resources for a hybrid residential microgrid Fatemeh Tooryan ⁎ ,a , Hamid HassanzadehFard b , Edward R. Collins a , Shuangshuang Jin c , Bahram Ramezani b a Holcombe Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, USA b Department of Electrical Engineering, Miyaneh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Miyaneh, Iran c School of Computing, Clemson University, USA ARTICLE INFO Keywords: Energy optimization Battery energy storage systems Renewable energy resources Microgrid systems, ABSTRACT This paper presents an optimization solution to reduce the operational cost for a hybrid residential microgrid consisting of diesel generator, wind turbine and photovoltaic array, and battery energy storage system. Traditionally, loads in residential microgrids are mainly supplied by diesel generators. Increasing development and integration of renewable energy resources and battery energy storage system into a residential microgrid, decreases the cost of generation, and increases environmental emission mitigation and generation efficiency. In this study, the optimization problem is solved using a Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm. The primary objectives of the optimization procedure can be expressed as follows: (i) the minimization of total costs of DERs (ii) reduction of environmental emission in the MG system (iii) increasing the penetration level of RES. Several numerical results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method using demand, local solar irradiance, and wind speed. The proposed method results are shown that there is about a 35% reduction in CO 2 emission in the optimal configuration in comparison with the scenario in which only diesel generators provide the total demand of the MG system. It is observed that installing the optimum configuration during different years brought down the fuel to 44.36 (M-Liter). It is also worth mentioning that the optimal installation of DER units in different years plays an important role in increasing the MG system performance. The simulation results for the case verify the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed approach. 1. Introduction In recent years, a rapid increase in fossil fuel cost as well as concerns of climate change led to the environmental impact study and the use of clean and efficient energy resources in power systems [1]. A microgrid is a low- or medium-voltage power system, with a clear electrical boundary, that integrates different Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) and loads [2]. Microgrid (MG) can be an effective solution for generating resilient and environment-friendly electricity at low costs [3,4]. An MG has the ability to be operated in grid-tied or in- dependently in islanded mode [5]. Grid-tied residential MG can ex- change electricity with the main grid whenever it is needed. A hybrid microgrid consisting of two or more types of Renewable Energy Re- sources (RES), conventional power generation and energy storage technologies to reduce the fluctuation of RES, improves the system ef- ficiency and provides greater overall system resiliency [6]. A residential MG makes it possible to exploit RES locally while optimizing power production, load consumption, and energy storage. In this paper, an MG consists of Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), Photovoltaic (PV), Wind Turbine (WT) and, Diesel Generator (DGen). Greenhouse gas re- duction policies because of global warming are enhancing a transition from fossil fuels to RES [7]. CO 2 emissions account for more than 70% of greenhouse gas emissions [8]. High penetration of RES is considered as a change to a deep decarbonized power system. Over the last decade, the penetration of RES in the United States has increased from 9% in 2004 to 13% in 2014 [9]. The fluctuation of the RES generation and the transition between the grid-tied mode and the off-grid mode in re- sidential microgrid may cause some system stability concerns. In order to increase the stability of the MG, BESS is used to balance generation and consumption [10]. The MG technical and economic constraints should be considered to satisfy the resources and load balance. The proper planning and design of a hybrid MG requires an optimum https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.101556 Received 9 February 2020; Received in revised form 14 April 2020; Accepted 15 May 2020 ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: ftoorya@g.clemson.edu, ftoorya@clemson.edu (F. Tooryan), hamid.hassanzadehfard@m-iau.ac.ir (H. HassanzadehFard), collins@clemson.edu (E.R. Collins), jin6@clemson.edu (S. Jin), ramezani@m-iau.ac.ir (B. Ramezani). Journal of Energy Storage 30 (2020) 101556 2352-152X/ © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. T