Citation: Manganyi, B.; Lubinga,
M.H.; Zondo, B.; Tempia, N. Factors
Influencing Cassava Sales and
Income Generation among Cassava
Producers in South Africa.
Sustainability 2023, 15, 14366.
https://doi.org/10.3390/
su151914366
Academic Editors: Victor Shi and
Xiding Chen
Received: 5 August 2023
Revised: 17 September 2023
Accepted: 26 September 2023
Published: 29 September 2023
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).
sustainability
Article
Factors Influencing Cassava Sales and Income Generation
among Cassava Producers in South Africa
Bernard Manganyi, Moses Herbert Lubinga * , Bhekani Zondo and Ndiadivha Tempia
Markets and Economic Research Centre, National Agricultural Marketing Council, Private Bag X935,
Pretoria 0001, South Africa; bmanganyi@namc.co.za (B.M.)
* Correspondence: moseslubinga@yahoo.co.uk
Abstract: Assessing the factors influencing cassava sales and income generation among South African
cassava farmers is critical for informed decision-making, policy formulation, targeted interventions,
and the long-term growth of the cassava value chain. By recognizing these elements, stakehold-
ers can improve market efficiency, increase income opportunities, reduce poverty, promote rural
development, and nurture a sustainable and inclusive cassava value chain. This study examines
factors that influence cassava sales and positive income generation along the cassava value chain.
Using a simple sample method, we collected data from 240 farmers in the South African provinces
of KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, and Mpumalanga. A logistic regression was used to investigate the
impact of explanatory variables on the probability of selling cassava and earning a positive income.
Findings show that having access to output markets, owning livestock, being a female, and having
sizable land under cassava production enhances the possibility of cassava sales and generating a
positive income. In contrast, age has a detrimental influence on cassava sales, while access to exten-
sion services and harvesting for household food consumption exhibited no substantial effects. The
findings underline the importance of market access, gender equality, integrating livestock farming
among cassava farmers, support for elderly farmers, and sustainable agricultural practices. To ensure
the long-term positive generation of income by farmers and the sustainability of the cassava value
chain, policymakers and stakeholders must collaborate and execute policies and interventions that
address these essential concerns.
Keywords: cassava value chain; gender equity; income generation; logit regression; market access
1. Introduction
Cassava, a tropical plant, originated in South America and is now found in many parts
of the world, particularly in subtropical and tropical climates [1]. As a result, cassava has
become a staple food for more than 800 million people worldwide [2]. According to [3],
Nigeria was the world’s leading cassava producer in 2021 with an average of 63.03 million
metric tons (MT) produced, followed by the Democratic Republic of Congo (45.67 million
MT), Thailand (30.11 million MT), Ghana (22.68 million MT), and Brazil (18.1 million MT),
among others. In South Africa, cassava is grown by smallholder farmers as a secondary
crop and is used to produce starch, among other uses [4,5]. It is cultivated in Limpopo,
Mpumalanga, and northern KwaZulu-Natal provinces, with significant production areas
in Limpopo [1,5].
Cassava is well-known for its adaptability to various agroecological conditions and its
capacity to grow in harsh environmental conditions [6,7]. One of the reasons why cassava
is seen as beneficial for smallholder farmers is the fact that, in comparison to other crops,
it has a comparatively low cost of inputs since its cultivation requires only a small initial
expenditure in terms of land preparation and the construction of infrastructure. Cultivating
it in various soil types, including marginal and less fertile soils, reduces the amount of
agro-inputs required. Stem cuttings are commonly used to reproduce it, thereby eliminating
Sustainability 2023, 15, 14366. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914366 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability