Universal Journal of Educational Research 7(11): 2425-2431, 2019 http://www.hrpub.org
DOI: 10.13189/ujer.2019.071120
The Effect of Education on Democracy: Panel Data
Analysis of High Income Countries
Çiğdem Karış
1,*
, Dilek Tandoğan
2
1
Vakfıkebir Vocational School, Trabzon University, Trabzon, Turkey
2
Vocational school of Tourism and Hospitality, Trabzon University, Trabzon, Turkey
Received September 17, 2019; Revised October 4, 2019; Accepted October 14, 2019
Copyright©2019 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under
the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License
Abstract The aim of this study is to determine the
effect of education on democracy. Regions having
developed democracy are the centers of attraction that
individuals prefer to live in. From this point of view, the
whole society’s benefitting from individual freedom and
equality, which are the basic building blocks of democracy,
are closely related to the existence of educated individuals
who make up that democratic society. Therefore, it can be
stated that societies with a high level of education are of a
high level of democracy. For this purpose, panel data
method was used to measure the effect of education on
democracy for high income country group in the period of
1990 and 2015 and the effect of education on democracy
was investigated. According to the findings, it was found
out that education had a positive effect on democracy.
Since the selected country group has a high level of
education, the finding reveals the importance of educated
individuals for advanced democracy. Therefore, the result
of this study supports the view that one of the factors that
have a high level of development in high-income countries
compared to other advanced democratic also contributes to
this study.
Keywords Education, Democracy, Panel Regression
JEL Classification: C23, I25
1. Introduction
Democracy is an understanding of governance that
facilitates living together for individuals and is preferred in
today’s world, along with its fundamental concepts such as
supremacy of law, legal equality, personal freedoms,
power to change the governance, right to elect and be
elected and property rights. In modern societies,
individuals do not want to confront any problems in
expressing themselves and choosing freely. Thus, regions
having a developed democracy are becoming the center of
attraction for individuals to live nowadays. Acemoglu and
Robinson (2013) in their studies aiming to determine the
reasons for these differences in countries that are close to
each other in terms of geography or culture and whose
living conditions are different from each other attribute
these differences to the processes of democracy between
these countries. For instance, they related the causes of
difference to the process of democratization in the regions
having quite high levels of income inequality despite being
very similar in terms of geography, culture and climate,
such as South America and North America or North Korea
and South Korea. Compared to exploitative institutions,
inclusive institutions have contributed prominently to the
income level and living conditions of the societies they are
included in, with an understanding of governance
established on a democratic basis and based on the
principles of justice, law and equality. Therefore, it is
important to determine the impact of developed democracy
processes among the reasons that are ahead when
developed countries are compared in terms of income
differences with countries with low democracy. Because
this information can make a positive contribution to
countries in their efforts to increase their welfare. From this
point of view, the importance of identifying the factors
causing advanced democracy becomes clear. In this
context, it is important to have educated individuals who
can make effective decisions in order to correctly perceive
and operate these advantages of democracy. As a matter of
fact, the functioning of democracy depends on the right
decisions to be taken and thus necessitates the existence of
educated individuals.
Nonetheless, the presence of educated individuals who
can make efficient decisions for these supremacies, which
are included in democracy, to be perceived and function in
a correct way is very important. It depends on the right
decisions to be taken and thus, requires the presence of