A user equilibrium, traffic assignment model of network route and parking lot choice, with search circuits and cruising flows Fabien Leurent ⇑ , Houda Boujnah Université Paris Est, Laboratoire Ville Mobilité Transport, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, France article info Article history: Received 17 July 2013 Received in revised form 21 July 2014 Accepted 30 July 2014 Available online 11 September 2014 Keywords: Network assignment Static assignment Joint choice Parking choice Parking occupancy Search circuits Cruising traffic abstract The paper provides a novel network model of parking and route choice. Parking supply is represented by parking type, management strategy including the fare, capacity and occupancy rate of parking lot, and network location, in relation to access routes along the roadway network. Trip demand is segmented according to origin–destination pair, the disposal of private parking facilities and the individual preferences for parking quality of service. Each traveller is assumed to make a two stage choice of, first, network route on the basis of the expected cost of route and parking and, second, local diversion on the basis of a discrete choice model. Search circuits are explicitly considered on the basis of the suc- cess probability to get a slot at a given lot and of the transition probabilities between lots in case of failure. The basic endogenous model variables are the route flows, the lot success probabilities and the transition probabilities between lots. These give rise to the cost of a travel route up to a target lot and to the expected cost of search and park from that lot to the destina- tion. Traffic equilibrium is defined in a static setting. It is characterized by a mixed problem of variational inequality and fixed point. Equilibrium is shown to exist under mild condi- tions and a Method of Successive Averages is put forward to solve for it. Lastly, a planning instance is given to illustrate the effects of insufficient parking capacity on travel costs and network flows. Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 0. Introduction 0.1. Background Every car trip requires to park the car at the destination place or close to it; it also depends on the parking conditions at the origin place. The parking conditions in terms of price and quality of service determine the trip-maker’s decisions of travel mode, network route and parking mode, especially so in dense urban areas. Abstracting from location, a parking mode involves a parking type either on-street or off-street, operating conditions such as tariffs, limit duration or special rights of access notably so for residents. Let us call ‘‘parking lot’’ a set of parking slots with given location and parking mode. Regular activities such as home and work will entice the car user to hold a parking space of his own, be it by ownership, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2014.07.014 0968-090X/Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. ⇑ Corresponding author. Address: Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, Laboratoire Ville Mobilité Transport, 6-8 avenue Blaise Pascal, Champs sur Marne, 77455 Marne la Vallée Cedex, France. E-mail address: fabien.leurent@enpc.fr (F. Leurent). Transportation Research Part C 47 (2014) 28–46 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Transportation Research Part C journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/trc