Citation: Malisic, B.; Misic, N.; Krco, S.; Martinovic, A.; Tinaj, S.; Popovic, T. Blockchain Adoption in the Wine Supply Chain: A Systematic Literature Review. Sustainability 2023, 15, 14408. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/su151914408 Academic Editors: Jianghang Chen, Jie Chu, Jianxin Fang and Yiping Jiang Received: 26 May 2023 Revised: 12 September 2023 Accepted: 13 September 2023 Published: 30 September 2023 Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). sustainability Systematic Review Blockchain Adoption in the Wine Supply Chain: A Systematic Literature Review Bojana Malisic 1 , Nemanja Misic 2 , Srdjan Krco 2 , Aleksandra Martinovic 3 , Sandra Tinaj 1 and Tomo Popovic 4, * 1 Faculty of International Economics, Finance and Business, University of Donja Gorica, Oktoih 1, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro; bojana.malisic@udg.edu.me (B.M.); sandra.tinaj@udg.edu.me (S.T.) 2 DunavNET, Bul. Oslobodjenja 133/2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; nemanja.misic@dunavnet.eu (N.M.); srdjan.krco@dunavnet.eu (S.K.) 3 Faculty for Food Technology, Food Safety and Ecology, University of Donja Gorica, Oktoih 1, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro; aleksandra.martinovic@udg.edu.me 4 Faculty for Information Systems and Technologies, University of Donja Gorica, Oktoih 1, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro * Correspondence: tomo.popovic@udg.edu.me Abstract: Blockchain offers decentralized, trustworthy and immutable data storage based on dis- tributed ledger technology. Blockchain technology is recognized as an innovation enabler in many areas, with the food supply chain being one of them. This paper provides a systematic literature review of the current state of adoption of blockchain technology in the agri-food sector, specifically with a focus on the wine supply chain. Blockchain has the potential to improve the traceability and authenticity of the data provenance of wine products, increase consumer trust, and reduce fraud and errors. With these goals in mind, this study identifies the main research questions pertinent to the value proposition and competitive advantage of blockchain technology in the wine value chain and key players involved in the authentication and value chain recording. The PRISMA methodology was adopted to identify, screen and select only the relevant studies that were included in the analysis. This study also addresses the limitations and challenges for adoption, such as high implementation cost and lack of competences, and the need for standardized protocols and regulations. Finally, this systematic literature review includes an analysis of reports of blockchain applications in the wine sector and outlines the recommendations for future research to further explore the potential of blockchain-based solutions that could benefit all stakeholders across the wine value chain. Keywords: blockchain; data provenance; food sustainability; systematic literature review; traceability; wine supply chain 1. Introduction Establishing food traceability and increasing trust in the food supply chain are fully in line with the sustainability goals recognized throughout the world. The wine supply chain is no exception. The wine industry has grown enormously in the last few decades due to a new generation of educated consumers emerging around the world. Furthermore, according to the International Organisation of Vine and Wine (OIV), the world production of wine in 2022 is estimated to be 260 million hectoliters (Mhl) [1]. This is an increase of 1%, almost 3 Mhl, from 2019. As the market has grown and more consumers are interested in buying expensive wine, the presence of wine counterfeits in the market has increased, resulting in damaged brands for winemakers and negative experiences and health risks for consumers. Vineyards, distributors, and retailers have no means to certify the origin or supply chain information related to their products. The current food supply chain system is complex and involves multiple stakeholders across different countries; this explains the Sustainability 2023, 15, 14408. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914408 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability