Citation: Lee, Changzhong (Shin).
2023. The Making of a Masterpiece:
An Examination of Zimen Jingxun’s
Authorship. Religions 14: 1201.
htps://doi.org/10.3390/
rel14091201
Academic Editor: Albert Welter
Received: 9 August 2023
Revised: 8 September 2023
Accepted: 18 September 2023
Published: 20 September 2023
Copyright: © 2023 by the author.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
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Atribution (CC BY) license (htps://
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4.0/).
religions
Article
The Making of a Masterpiece: An Examination of Zimen
Jingxun’s Authorship
Changzhong (Shin) Lee
Department of East Asian Studies, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721‑0105, USA; shinlee@arizona.edu
Abstract: The Chinese Buddhist anthology Zimen jingxun (Admonitions to the Black‑robed Monastics
緇門警訓), a compilation believed to have originated during the Song dynasty, constitutes a Chinese
Buddhist anthology containing teachings from Buddhist masters and ethical principles intended for
observance by monastics. This anthology has garnered scholarly atention due to the noteworthy na‑
ture of some of its components. However, there exists a dearth of comprehensive scholarly analyses
in the English language, and the precise compilers of this anthology remain shrouded in ambiguity.
Nevertheless, the Zimen jingxun has exerted a profound infuence on the training of monastics in
China, Japan, and Korea, and has emerged as a particularly infuential work on Buddhist monas‑
tic education in the Korean context. Therefore, this paper functions as an initial efort to address
this scholarly gap. Utilizing the methodologies of comparative philology and historical philology,
this study undertakes an analysis and comparison of the original Zimen jingxun and its foundational
counterpart, the Zilin baoxun, in addition to their subsequent amended and modifed versions. The
primary aim of this research is to deduce its compilers and the timeframe of its compilation by ex‑
amining the existing content, prefaces, citations, and any discrepancies discernible in each rendition.
Furthermore, it seeks to evaluate the importance and role of each version within the broader context
of the Buddhist canon.
Keywords: Zimen jingxun; Zilin baoxun; admonitions; monastic education; Chinese Buddhism;
Three Teachings
1. Introduction
Zimen jingxun (Admonitions to the Black‑robed Monastics 緇門警訓) is a Chinese Bud‑
dhist anthology consisting of 196 sections of instructions, warnings, admonitions, and
aphorisms atributed to Buddhist sages, predominantly hailing from the Song dynasty’s
cadre of Buddhist masters. The topics broached within this compendium span a spectrum
ranging from the admonitions of Master Guishan 溈山 (771–853) to the imperial edict is‑
sued by the Liang emperor concerning the veneration of the Buddha. Housed within the
48th volume of the Taishō shinshū daizōkyō 大正新脩大藏經, this text has permeated and in‑
formed the training regimen of monastics across the cultural and geographical expanses
of China, Japan, and Korea. It has, in fact, evolved into a cornerstone of pedagogical em‑
phasis within Korean Buddhist seminaries.
1
Hence, this paper is titled “The Making of
a Masterpiece”, to imply that this anthology plays a pivotal role in educating Buddhist
“masters” and merits recognition as a “masterpiece” within the Buddhist canon.
Believed to have originated during the Song dynasty, the Zimen jingxun showcases
seminal compositions from renowned Buddhist masters, including “Zuochan yi (Chan
Etiquete 坐禪儀)” by Changlu Zongze 長宗賾 (?–1106) and “Dahui Chanshi li Guanyin
wen (Chan Master Dahui’s Ceremony to Guanyin 大慧禪師禮觀音文)” by Dahui Zonggao
大慧宗杲 (1089–1163).
Despite its antiquity, the Zimen jingxun remains extant and relevant in contempo‑
rary Buddhist praxis, particularly amongst the monastic community. For instance, the
Fo Guang 佛光 Organization produced a curated edition of the Zimen jingxun, presenting
Religions 2023, 14, 1201. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14091201 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/religions