Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 10(12): 14041413, 2015
DOI: 10.19026/rjaset.10.1841
ISSN: 20407459; eISSN: 20407467
© 2015 Maxwell Scientific Publication Corp.
Submitted: March 31, 2015 Accepted: April 28, 2015 Published: August 25, 2015
A. Aljanad, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan,
Malaysia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (URL: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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A. Aljanad and Azah Mohamed
Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan, Malaysia
This study presents a comprehensive review of the potential technical impacts of plugin hybrid electric
vehicles on power distribution and transmission systems. This review also presents various power quality impacts on
the power system in several aspects. This review conveys a detailed analysis of electric vehicle charging strategies
on electrical distribution networks. The two charging aspects (coordinated/uncoordinated) and intelligent scheduling
of charging are discussed in terms of their impacts on power systems. Vehicle to grid technology are investigated,
elaborated and evaluated based on technical, suitability and configuration aspects.
% Charging coordination, Distribution Networks (DN), electrical power system, PHEV, Vehicle to Grid
(V2G)
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Most countries worldwide have exerted much
effort to develop their economic and environmental
statuses, particularly independence from oil
consumption. Plugin Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV)
are promising technology that will alleviate dependency
and excessive use of oil. PHEVs have been distributed
worldwide, because of their contribution to society in
terms of decreasing CO
2
intensity and mitigating
gasoline consumption. PHEVs provide substantial
support to economic and environmental issues. Large
scale production of PHEVs in most countries with
automotive market widely influences the electricity grid
in different aspects, such as power generation, peak and
base load demand. Under uncontrolled PHEV charging,
the harmful impacts are obtained during peak load.
However, the use of Vehicle to Grid (V2G) technology
in conjunction with PHEVs could supply temporary
power to the grid, ensuring that the demand does not
exceed the generating capacity. The immense benefits
of PHEVs will lead to a sharp production increase in
the future, resulting in massive effects to the grid
without emphasizing the possible impacts. The
emergence of PHEVs is expected to reach 100,000 by
2020 as reported by the Malaysia Federal State. With
largescale production of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in the
future, the capacity they provide raises many questions
with regard to how far these vehicles could utilize its
builtin storage system and how this system could be
used as an energy source to the power grid.
These questions should be resolved to provide
solutions for unexpected peak loads. A new and
evolving V2G technology has been introduced in the
power system to provide power to the grid for PHEVs.
Previous studies revealed that EVs were parked almost
95% of the time. Thus, much work has been conducted
to study the use of existing idle energy storage system
from EVs to provide feedback power to the grid under
the concept of V2G. Other ancillary services, such as
peak power shaving, spinning reserve and voltage and
frequency regulations, are delivered to the grid through
V2G (Ehsani ., 2012). Ongoing research focuses on
evaluating this novel technology.
An increased rate of PHEVs significantly affects
the current electricity sector of any country; this finding
implies that a fast response to increasing amounts of
suddenly exposed loads caused by a massive need to
acquire hybrid EVs must be established, considering
their significant contribution. Most recent studies
analyze the factors caused by the extra load of EVs on
the grid during recharging time; these factors include
charging behavior, optimization of energy cost, driving
patterns and battery life (Azadfar ., 2015).
This review illustrates the potential impacts of
PHEV distribution in the market. The present study
reviews the most common technical challenges of
PHEVs by providing a survey of all current studies on
the effects of PHEVs on the distribution grid, compare
and contrast those same studies. Results may confer
assistance in longterm planning process and provide
future insights in to the possibility of merging PHEVs in
the national power grid.
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Charging profiles is a
major factor that affects distribution networks prior to