RESEARCH ARTICLE Promising insecticidal efficacy of the essential oils from the halophyte Echinophora spinosa (Apiaceae) growing in Corsica Island, France Roman Pavela 1 & Filippo Maggi 2 & Kevin Cianfaglione 3,4 & Angelo Canale 5 & Giovanni Benelli 5 Received: 17 October 2018 / Accepted: 25 March 2019 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract Echinophora spinosa (Apiaceae) is a psammophilous species growing along Mediterranean coastal sand dunes. This species secretes essential oils made up of monoterpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and polyacetylenes, which may represent effective, eco- friendly and safe active ingredients for the preparation of green insecticides. Based on this, in the present study, we selected a French accession of E. spinosa growing on the coastal dunes of Corsica, extracting the essential oils from aerial parts and roots by hydrodistillation. The essential oils were analyzed by GC-MS for chemical composition and screened for their insecticidal activity on three target insects, Culex quinquefasciatus, Spodoptera littoralis, and Musca domestica. The essential oil from roots was dominated by the phenylpropanoid myristicin and the monoterpene hydrocarbon terpinolene, with a minor contribution of (Z)-falcarinol. The oil from the aerial parts was characterized by monoterpenes, mainly p-cymene, a-phellandrene, and α-pinene. The root essential oil exhibited promising toxicity on the target insects, with special reference to C. quinquefasciatus larvae (LC 50 = 15.7 mg L -1 ), while on M. domestica and S. littoralis, it showed LD 50 of 38.3 μg adult -1 and 55.6 μg larva -1 , respectively. Based on our findings, E. spinosa can be viewed as a new potential crop to produce insecticidal essential oils in arid salty areas. However, synergistic and antagonistic effects of the major constituents of both oils tested here deserve future research. Further studies on the efficacy of stable formulations of the E. spinosa root essential oil, with special reference to micro- and nanoformulations, are ongoing. Keywords Adulticide . Culex quinquefasciatus . Insect vector . Larvicide . Integrated Pest Management . Musca domestica . Spodoptera littoralis Introduction Coastal sand dunes represent one of the most interesting nat- ural ecosystems from an ecological and landscape viewpoint. Due to environmental stress given by high temperatures, UV exposition, salt, low availability of nutrients and water, and sand storms, such ecosystems have selected highly specialized plant species, also known as psammophilous plants, which adopt particular physiological strategies to survive in these severe habitats in which they are restricted to (Ciccarelli et al. 2014). Recently, human activities caused pollution, coastal erosion, urbanization, touristic exploitation, and intro- duction of allochthonous species, which have reduced the presence of the natural vegetation of dunes (Ciccarelli et al. 2012). One of the most representative species of this ecosystem is Echinophora spinosa L. (Apiaceae), which is an endemic spe- cies of the Mediterranean coastal sand dunes (Ciccarelli et al. Roman Pavela and Filippo Maggi contributed equally to this work. Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues * Giovanni Benelli giovanni.benelli@unipi.it 1 Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507, 161 06 Prague, Czech Republic 2 School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via Sant’Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy 3 EA 2219 Géoarchitecture, UFR Sciences and Techniques, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 6 Avenue Victor Le Gorgeu, 29200 Brest, France 4 School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, via Pontoni, 5, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy 5 Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy Environmental Science and Pollution Research https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04980-y