Research Article Volume 7 Issue 3 - August 2018 DOI: 10.19080/JDVS.2018.07.555715 Dairy and Vet Sci J Copyright © All rights are reserved by Bhoj R Singh ESKAPE Pathogens in Animals and their Antimicrobial Drug Resistance Pattern Bhoj R Singh* Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, India Submission: July 27, 2018; Published: August 24, 2018 *Corresponding author: Bhoj R Singh, Head, Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, Bareilly, UP, India. Phone: +91-8449033222, Email: Dairy and Vet Sci J 7(3): JDVS.MS.ID.555715 (2018) 001 Introduction The ESKAPE group of pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) is the leading cause of nosocomial infections in humans throughout the world [1,2]. The ESKAPE bacteria are among the most common causes of life-threatening nosocomial infections amongst critically ill and immunocompromised individuals with characteristic potential drug resistance [3]. The ESKAPE group of bacteria have similar kind of drug resistance mechanism as possessed by many of the non-ESKAPE bacteria [2,4]. There is hardly any antimicrobial drug which may be effective universally on all ESKAPEs because of wide spectrum of antimicrobial drug resistance traits (ADRT). The ADRT is the outcome of evolution spanning billions of years and over the course, bacteria have developed mechanisms to avert, expel, negate, destroy or withstand compounds structurally like the antibiotics in clinical use [5]. Lot of research is going on ESKAPE bacteria in medical sciences, but little is understood about their occurrence in animals and its relevance to health of livestock owners and veterinarians [6]. In the present study the data available in clinical epidemiology laboratory of Division of Epidemiology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute for antimicrobial sensitivity assays of bacteria associated with infections in animals has been analysed to understand the drug resistance pattern of ESKAPE pathogens occurring in animals. Materials and Methods From the antibiogram database of bacteria (3240) isolated from referred veterinary clinical cases (2011-2017) Journal of Dairy & Veterinary Sciences ISSN: 2573-2196 Abstract The analytical study, of 3240 bacterial isolates from veterinary clinical cases and related sources since 2011 to 2017, aimed to understand the extent of infections in animals associated with ESKAPE group (439) of pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) and to map their antimicrobial sensitivity pattern. All the six ESKAPE pathogens caused infection in animals, the most common being Enterobacter species followed by K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa S. aureus, E. faecium and A. baumannii. None of the antibiotics was effective on all the ESKAPE bacterial isolates however, carbapenems (80.4%), tigecycline (76.8%), chloramphenicol (75.8%) and cefepimes (74.6%) inhibited majority of the isolates. More than 76% ESKAPE bacteria had multiple drug resistance (MDR), significantly (p, <=0.05) more common in E. faceium (87.5%) and P. aeruginosa (94.5%) isolates. Metallo-β- lactamase (MBL) and extended spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL) production was detected in 5% and 54% ESKAPE isolates, respectively. Only colistin, cefepime and gentamicin were effective on >=75% P. aeruginosa isolates but cinnamaldehyde could inhibit almost 98% of P. aeruginosa and >90% isolates of other ESKAPE bacteria (except E. faecium). Cinnamaledehyde, cinnamon oil, carvacrol and ajowan oil were on the most effective herb killing almost 90% of ESKAPE pathogens. Ciprofloxacin (r, -0.12) and colistin (r, -0.14) antibacterial activity had significant (p, <=0.05) negative correlation with that of ajowan oil. All the herbal drugs tested except sandalwood oil (SWO) and Zanthoxylum rhetsa seed carp essential oil (ZREO) were slightly more often active against carbapenem resistant (CR) strains. However, lemongrass oil (LGO) and ajowan oil were significantly (p, 0.01) more often active against CR strains than on non-CR strains. Most of the herbs were less active on ESBL and MBL positive ESKAPE bacteria except ZREO, showing more activity towards MBL and ESBL positive bacteria, indicating a promising area of research to find the active ingredient of ZREO to counter infections by ESBL and MBL strains. Keywords: ESKAPE; MDR; MBL; ESBL; Herbal antimicrobial drug resistance (HADR); Aztreonam; Nalidixic Acid; Vancomycin; Tetracycline; Piperacillin; Cotrimoxazole; Erythromycin; Citral; Colistin; Pathogens; Epidemiology; Antibiotics; Bacteria Abbreviations: CO: Cinnamon Oil; BO: Betel leaf Oil; GO: Guggul Oil; HBO: Holy Basil Oil; Ajowan Oil; Sandal Wood Oil; PO: Patchouli essential Oil; LGO: Lemon Grass Oil; HADR: Herbal Antimicrobial Drug Resistance; MBL: Metallo-β-Lactamse; ADRT: Antimicrobial Drug Resistance Traits; VRE: Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci