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1803581 (1 of 8) ©
2019 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Metal–Organic Framework: A Novel Material for
Triboelectric Nanogenerator–Based Self-Powered
Sensors and Systems
Gaurav Khandelwal, Arunkumar Chandrasekhar, Nirmal Prashanth Maria Joseph Raj,
and Sang-Jae Kim*
DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201803581
energy. To overcome the disadvantages of
conventional energy technology, and for
the development of sustainable energy
sources, Wang and co-workers introduced
an efficient triboelectric nanogenerator
(TENG) in 2012.
[1]
The TENG can con-
vert various types of energy, e.g., mechan-
ical, wind, and water, into electricity.
[2]
The TENG works in four modes, i.e.,
freestanding, vertical contact-separation,
lateral sliding, and single electrode modes,
via utilization of contact electrification and
electrostatic induction.
[3]
Cost effective-
ness, easy design, large output power, and
high conversion efficiency are among the
key advantages of TENG.
[3]
The growing demand for wearable
electronics, self-powered sensors, e-skin,
and sustainable and flexible devices has
led to rapid developments in TENG-
related technologies.
[4]
Materials that dem-
onstrate triboelectric charging include
various polymers and a few metals.
[5]
Output performance, triboelectric material, and stability are
critical for the development of optimized, functional, and sus-
tainable TENG devices. The metal–organic framework (MOF),
composed of a metal ion coordinated with an organic ligand,
have yet to be investigated as potential TENG components.
MOFs provide flexibility regarding the size, functionality, and
geometry of the TENG, which makes them ideal candidates
for many applications such as gas sensors, biosensors, drug
delivery, fuel storage, catalysis, and adsorbance.
[6]
The porous
structure of the MOF provides a high surface area to improve
the functionality of TENG devices. Thus, careful selection of
the MOF component can yield a crystal framework with high
porosity and high chemical and thermal stability.
[6]
Moreover,
the ability to expand their metrics and achieve chemical modi-
fication without changing the topology are added advantages,
promoting high-output performance, and sensing and func-
tional applications.
[6]
To our knowledge, herein we introduce for the first time an
MOF-based TENG (MOF–TENG) for self-powered system and
sensor applications. The subclass zeolitic imidazole frame-
work (ZIF) of the MOF, having the topology of an inorganic
zeolite with a sodalite (SOD) structure, has a small aperture
and large pores.
[7]
In this work, ZIF-8, a unique framework
The triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) offers a simple and cost-effective
method to harness waste energy and works on the principle of contact
electrification and electrostatic induction. The performance and application
of TENG depend to a great extent on the material used for fabrication. The
most widely used materials include polymers and a few metals, well-arranged
in the triboelectric series so as to promote electrification upon contact.
New triboelectric materials are important for extending the applications
and specificity of the TENG. A TENG based on a metal–organic framework
(MOF) of the zeolitic imidazole family is reported here. The zeolitic imidazole
framework-8 (ZIF-8) and Kapton are used as the active materials for MOF–
TENG fabrication. Surface potential, structural, morphological and electrical
measurements reveals detailed characteristics of ZIF-8, confirming the MOF
as a potential candidate for TENG applications. The MOF–TENG generates
a sustainable output of 164 V and 7 μA in vertical contact–separation mode.
Finally, a self-powered UV counterfeit system and a tetracycline sensor are
successfully developed and demonstrated with the MOF–TENG. The sensor
is highly selective and reusable simply by washing.
G. Khandelwal, Dr. A. Chandrasekhar, N. P. Maria Joseph Raj, Prof. S.-J. Kim
Nanomaterials and System Lab
Department of Mechatronics Engineering
Jeju National University
Jeju 690-756, South Korea
E-mail: kimsangj@jejunu.ac.kr
Dr. A. Chandrasekhar
Department of Sensor and Biomedical Technology
School of Electronics Engineering
Vellore Institute of Technology
Vellore 632014, India
The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article
can be found under https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201803581.
ZIF-8 Energy Harvester
1. Introduction
Nature provides ample sources of energy, such as solar, wind,
water, and mechanical energy, which, if exploited, can serve
as a partial solution to the depleted state of fossil fuels and
the energy crisis. With greater environmental awareness and
numerous technological advances, there is a growing market
for electronics based on the utilization of clean and abundant
Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 1803581