Journal of Family Issues
2014, Vol 35(2) 223–253
© The Author(s) 2012
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DOI: 10.1177/0192513X12462566
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462566JFI 35 2 10.1177/0192513X12462566
Journal of Family IssuesMilkie and Denny
© The Author(s) 2011
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1
University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
Corresponding Author:
Melissa A. Milkie, Department of Sociology, University of Maryland, 2112 Art-Sociology
Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
Email: mmilkie@umd.edu
Changes in the Cultural
Model of Father
Involvement: Descriptions
of Benefits to Fathers,
Children, and Mothers
in Parents’ Magazine,
1926-2006
Melissa A. Milkie
1
and Kathleen E. Denny
1
Abstract
Cultural models are shared frameworks that people use to make sense of
the world. The cultural model of father involvement (a) specifies ideal roles
fathers should play, (b) provides evaluations of involvement, and (c) describes
the benefits of fathers’ interactions with offspring for family members. Dis-
course about benefits of father involvement remains underexamined em-
pirically but is vital to study because it may motivate and/or justify fathering
actions.We perform content analysis on the 575 Parents’ Magazine articles on
fathering (1926-2006) to describe articulated benefits of father involvement.
About half of articles state rewards for fathers, with a shift from enjoyment
to fulfillment. Fifty-eight percent of articles state benefits to children, with a
dramatic decline from 79% in the 1920s to 30% in the 2000s, and a relative
shift in focus from character development to achievement. Nineteen percent
of articles mention benefits to mothers; these discussions are sometimes
cautious or conditional.
Article
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