Copyright © The British Psychological Society
Reproduction in any form (including the internet) is prohibited without prior permission from the Society
Suicide risk in schizophrenia: Explanatory models
and clinical implications, The Schematic Appraisal
Model of Suicide (SAMS)
Judith Johnson, Patricia Gooding* and Nicholas Tarrier
School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Purpose. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the Cry of Pain model of
suicide behaviour as applied to psychosis and to derive theoretically driven guidelines
for prevention. Suicide risk in psychotic patients is a serious but poorly understood
clinical and social problem. There is a dearth of psychological models to explain suicidal
behaviour and to guide effective preventative clinical interventions. Understanding
suicidal behaviour in psychosis may be facilitated by utilizing models from depression.
The ‘Cry of Pain’ model of suicide is founded on an evolutionary approach to
understanding suicidal behaviour in depression.
Methods. The model was critically evaluated and relevant literature reviewed.
Results. Although strengths of the model were identified, lack of clarity regarding
the concepts of defeat, entrapment, and lack of rescue appeared to limit its theoretical
and clinical utility. We suggest a modification to this model which replaces concepts of
defeat, entrapment, and lack of rescue with a four-stage appraisal process in conjunction
with information-processing biases and suicidal schema.
Conclusions. Methods of testing this model are suggested and guidelines for a
clinical intervention (Cognitive Behavioural Suicide Prevention for Psychosis; CBSPp)
are outlined.
Suicide risk and behaviour in psychotic patients is a significant and serious clinical and
social problem. Approximately 4–10% of patients suffering from schizophrenia will
eventually kill themselves (Caldwell & Gottesman, 1990; Palmer, Pankratz, & Bostwick,
2005). Suicide ideation and attempts are common with over half of all such patients
having a history of attempted suicide or having significant suicidal ideation at any
one time (Fenton, 2000; Fenton, McGlashan, Victor, & Blyler, 1997; Harkavy-Friedman
et al., 2003; Kontaxakis et al., 2004; Nieto, Vieta, Gasto, Vallejo, & Cirera, 1992; Tarrier,
Barrowclough, Andrews, & Gregg, 2004). Suicidal ideation and planning are important
steps that lead to an attempt of self-harm that may result in death (Kontaxakis et al.,
* Correspondence should be addressed to Dr Patricia Gooding, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester,
Coupland Building 1, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK (e-mail: patricia.gooding@machester.ac.uk).
The
British
Psychological
Society
55
Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice (2008), 81, 55–77
q 2008 The British Psychological Society
www.bpsjournals.co.uk
DOI:10.1348/147608307X244996