Citation: Abdulraheem, M.I.; Zhang, W.; Li, S.; Moshayedi, A.J.; Farooque, A.A.; Hu, J. Advancement of Remote Sensing for Soil Measurements and Applications: A Comprehensive Review. Sustainability 2023, 15, 15444. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152115444 Academic Editor: Jan Hopmans Received: 1 October 2023 Revised: 26 October 2023 Accepted: 27 October 2023 Published: 30 October 2023 Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). sustainability Review Advancement of Remote Sensing for Soil Measurements and Applications: A Comprehensive Review Mukhtar Iderawumi Abdulraheem 1,2,3 , Wei Zhang 1,2,3 , Shixin Li 1 , Ata Jahangir Moshayedi 4 , Aitazaz A. Farooque 5,6 and Jiandong Hu 1,2,3, * 1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; abdulraheem@stu.henau.edu.cn or m.iderawumi@gmail.com (M.I.A.); lilinze@henau.edu.cn (W.Z.); lishx@henau.edu.cn (S.L.) 2 Henan International Joint Laboratory of Laser Technology in Agriculture Science, Zhengzhou 450002, China 3 State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Zhengzhou 450002, China 4 School of Information Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China; ajm@jxust.edu.cn 5 Faculty of Sustainable Design Engineering, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada; afarooque@upei.ca 6 Canadian Centre for Climate Change and Adaptation, University of Prince Edward Island, St Peter’s Bay, PE C1A 4P3, Canada * Correspondence: jdhu@henau.edu.cn; Tel.: +86-133-9370-6339 Abstract: Remote sensing (RS) techniques offer advantages over other methods for measuring soil properties, including large-scale coverage, a non-destructive nature, temporal monitoring, multispec- tral capabilities, and rapid data acquisition. This review highlights the different detection methods, types, parts, and applications of RS techniques in soil measurements, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the measurements of soil properties. The choice of the methods depends on the specific requirements of the soil measurements task because it is important to consider the advantages and limitations of each method, as well as the specific context and objective of the soil measurements, to determine the most suitable RS technique. This paper follows a well-structured arrangement after investigating the existing literature to ensure a well-organized, coherent review and covers all the essential aspects related to studying the advancement of using RS in the measurements of soil proper- ties. While several remote sensing methods are available, this review suggests spectral reflectance, which entails satellite remote sensing and other tools based on its global coverage, high spatial resolution, long-term monitoring capabilities, non-invasiveness, and cost effectiveness. Conclusively, RS has improved soil property measurements using various methods, but more research is needed for calibration, sensor fusion, artificial intelligence, validation, and machine learning applications to enhance accuracy and applicability. Keywords: remote sensing (RS); soil properties and variability; multispectral analysis; satellite sensing; proximal sensing 1. Introduction Soil is a diverse and intricate natural asset and the foundation for nearly all agricultural production endeavors because its physiochemical properties and nutrients play essential functions in understanding the ecosystem’s dynamics [1–3]. These factors help researchers make informed decisions about various agricultural operations, allowing decision-makers to make the correct choices day-to-day [4,5]. Soil measurements that involve the systematic collection of data are essential for managing and understanding the health and quality of the soil by providing valuable information about various soil properties, such as texture, nutrient levels, structure, composition, pH, degradation, moisture, contamination, organic matter content, and soil erosion [6–8]. Accurate and timely measurements of soil properties Sustainability 2023, 15, 15444. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152115444 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability