Research Article
Transmission of Curing Light through Moist, Air-Dried, and
EDTA Treated Dentine and Enamel
E. Uusitalo,
1
J. Varrela,
1,2,3
L. Lassila,
4
and P. K. Vallittu
1,2,4
1
Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
2
City of Turku Division of Welfare, 20520 Turku, Finland
3
Department of Oral Development and Orthodontics, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
4
Department of Biomaterials Science and Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre (TCBC), 20520 Turku, Finland
Correspondence should be addressed to E. Uusitalo; erheuu@utu.f
Received 7 March 2016; Revised 16 May 2016; Accepted 5 June 2016
Academic Editor: Evandro Piva
Copyright © 2016 E. Uusitalo et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Objective. Tis study measured light transmission through enamel and dentin and the efect of exposed dentinal tubules to light
propagation. Methods. Light attenuation through enamel and dentin layers of various thicknesses (1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, and 4 mm)
was measured using specimens that were (1) moist and (2) air-dried (=5). Measurements were repeated afer the specimens were
treated with EDTA. Specimens were transilluminated with a light curing unit (maximum power output 1869mW/cm
2
), and the
mean irradiance power of transmitting light was measured. Te transmission of light through teeth was studied using 10 extracted
intact human incisors and premolars. Results. Transmitted light irradiance through 1 mm thick moist discs was 500 mW/cm
2
for
enamel and 398 mW/cm
2
for dentin ( < 0.05). Te increase of the specimen thickness decreased light transmission in all groups
( < 0.005), and moist specimens attenuated light less than air-dried specimens in all thicknesses ( < 0.05). EDTA treatment
increased light transmission from 398 mW/cm
2
to 439 mW/cm
2
(1 mm dentin specimen thickness) ( < 0.05). Light transmission
through intact premolar was 6.2 mW/cm
2
(average thickness 8.2 mm) and through incisor was 37.6 mW/cm
2
(average thickness
5.6 mm). Conclusion. Light transmission through enamel is greater than that through dentin, probably refecting diferences in
refractive indices and extinction coefcients. Light transmission through enamel, dentin, and extracted teeth seemed to follow
Beer-Lambert’s law.
1. Introduction
Light transmission through human tooth became a matter of
interest when resin based light cured orthodontic adhesives
spread in common use and due to the increased use of
indirectly luted restorations which are bonded with dual-
curing resin composite luting cements [1]. Indirect luting
is used especially in prosthodontics but could also be used
in orthodontics. In dual-curing resin, composite light is
typically used to coinitiate polymerization and in order to
achieve proper curing, light irradiation through the curing
process is ofen needed. Polymerization occurs when free
radicals are generated, and this can be due to chemical process
or curing light initiation [2]. Ceramic inlays, onlays, and
veneers are usually bonded with dual-curing cements, which
requires light transmission through the ceramic material. In
dual-curing resins the cement includes chemical activator,
which increases the amount of free radicals when the curing
light is insufcient and photoinitiators are unable to produce
free radicals required for polymerization [3]. Because the
light initiated adhesives are also used in orthodontics to
bond brackets, it is important to study the light transmission
through the tooth to evaluate the possibility of light curing
with transillumination.
Light curing adhesives are used under orthodontic appli-
ances, such as stainless steel brackets that do not let any light
pass through [4]. A common way to cure the adhesive under
the bracket is to cure 20 s from both mesial and distal side of
the bracket. Tis method may provide clinically satisfactory
bond strengths, but there is a risk that the adhesive is
polymerized only from the edges of the bracket leaving the
center incompletely polymerized [5]. Furthermore the curing
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
BioMed Research International
Volume 2016, Article ID 5713962, 6 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5713962