J Appl Entomol. 2019;143:95–104. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/jen
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95 © 2018 Blackwell Verlag GmbH
1 | INTRODUCTION
The key tortricid pests of temperate tree fruit crops have been
monitored with an array of trap designs baited with sex phero-
mones for >45 years (Beroza, Gentry, Blythe, & Muschik, 1973;
Butt & Hathaway, 1966). These various trap types have almost
exclusively used liners coated with sticky polybutene adhesives
characterized here as a sticky gel (SG; Howell, 1972; Knight, Larson,
& Christianson, 2002; Madsen & Madsen, 1980; McNally & Barnes,
1980). More recently, liners coated with hot-melt pressure sensi-
tive (HMPS) adhesives have become available, and have been used
in various trapping studies with moths (Jordan, Zhang, & Pfeiffer,
Received: 22 March 2018
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Revised: 23 July 2018
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Accepted: 9 August 2018
DOI: 10.1111/jen.12564
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION
Importance of trap liner adhesive selection for male moth catch
(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) with bisexual attractants
Alan L. Knight
1
| William Stewart
1
| Esteban Basoalto
2
1
USDA, Agricultural Research Service,
Wapato, Washington
2
Instituto de Producción y Sanidad
Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias
Agrarias, Universidad Austral de Chile,
Valdivia, Chile
Correspondence
Alan L. Knight, USDA, Agricultural Research
Service, Wapato, WA.
Email: alan.knight@ars.usda.gov
Funding information
Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission
Abstract
Studies compared moth captures of three pests (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) of apple,
Malus domestica Borkhausen, in delta traps using removable liners coated with either
a sticky gel (SG) or a hot-melt pressure sensitive (HMPS) adhesive. Laboratory and
field studies with Cydia pomonella (L.), Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) and Grapholita
molesta (Busck) demonstrated that traps with either liner, baited with a pair of virgin
females catch males, but at significantly different levels. In the field, male moth cap-
tures in traps with the HMPS liner were significantly greater than in traps with the SG
liner for C. rosaceana, and G. molesta; but not for C. pomonella. Similar results were
observed in laboratory studies using flight tunnels. Additional studies demonstrated
that this difference in moth captures between liners was not due to levels of female
mortality, but instead was correlated with the occurrence of the female’s ventral ab-
dominal surface becoming stuck in the adhesive. Studies showed that a significantly
greater proportion of females of all species had their ventral abdomen stuck in the
SG than HPMS adhesive on day 1, but only G. molesta and C. rosaceana on day 3. In
addition, the tackiness of the two adhesives affected moth movement on the liner
with males and females of all species moving farther on liners with SG than HMPS
adhesive. A greater proportion of female G. molesta and C. pomonella were either
stuck supined or laterally on the SG than HMPS adhesive, and females in this position
captured as many males as when prone and unstuck on the liner. Our studies demon-
strate that adhesives can secondarily influence male moth captures on trap liners
when used with bisexual attractants, and that adhesive type should be considered
when developing action thresholds.
KEYWORDS
Choristoneura rosaceana, codling moth, Cydia pomonella, Grapholita molesta, obliquebanded
leafroller, oriental fruit moth
This artcle has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA