Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Mechanics of Materials journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mechmat Research paper Thermo-mechanical modeling of C/C 3D orthogonal and angle interlock woven fabric composites in high temperature environment Nagappa Siddgonde, Anup Ghosh ⁎ Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, WB 721302, India ARTICLE INFO Keywords: Carbon/carbon composite Thermomechanical modeling Multi-scale modeling High temperature 3D Woven fabric composites Periodic boundary conditions ABSTRACT Carbon/Carbon (C/C) 3D textile composites are very popular in various felds of applications such as aerospace, defence, and chemical industries due to their attractive mechanical and thermal properties. Consequently, in- vestigation of these properties of 3D C/C textile composites has become an essential primary requirement for thermo-structural analysis of composites structures in high-temperature applications. In this study, a fnite element based Representative Volume Element (RVE) has been developed to perform the thermo-mechanical analysis. Thermo-mechanical properties of 3D C/C orthogonal interlock woven fabric composite (OIWFC) and angle interlock woven fabric composite (AIWFC) are investigated. The RVE analysis for the evaluation of thermo-mechanical properties has been carried out with the implementation of multi-scale modeling techniques and periodic boundary conditions (BCs). The micro-scale analysis predicts the thermo-mechanical properties of fber yarn/tow. Further, yarn properties are incorporated into the meso-scale model to predict the thermo- mechanical properties of 3D C/C woven fabric composites. The variation of mechanical constants and coefcient of thermal expansions (CTEs) values have been investigated within the temperature range from 300 K to 2500 K. It has been extended for the prediction of variation of thermo-mechanical properties with respect to the number of weft layers along the thickness direction of the 3D orthogonal interlock woven fabric composites. The vali- dation study has been carried out and present FE based numerical results agree well with numerical and ex- perimental results from the available literature. 1. Introduction Carbon-Carbon (C/C) composites are the most popular material due to their high thermal stability, thermal conductivity, shock resistance, and high strength to stifness ratio in the high-temperature environ- ments. C/C composite also shows high specifc strength and fracture toughness (Shigang et al., 2015). One of the biggest advantages of C/C composite is, it is light in weight and has a very low coefcient of thermal expansions. The strength and hardness of the epoxy composite are good at room temperature. At very high temperatures it gets de- formed, and then loses its functional properties whereas C/C composite maintains its shape and strength. Therefore, designing heat exchanger using C/C composite has become a choice for engineers. The C/C composite is a material in huge demand for thermo-structural appli- cations. A composite material is anisotropic and heterogeneous in nature. Consequently, the modeling of these materials is a challenging task. With the change of atmospheric to ambient temperature, the material behavior changes in a very complicated way due to deforma- tion mismatch. Consequently, this mismatch creates induced stress within the material. To incorporate these induced thermal stress in the structural analysis, the investigation of thermo-mechanical properties of C/C 3D woven fabric composite is an essential step for thermo- structural applications. In the past several decades, researchers have developed various analytical micromechanical models to predict the mechanical and thermo-mechanical properties of textile composites (Ishikawa and Chou, 1982; 1983). Later, Ishikawa et al. (1997) have developed a closed-form solution based on a series-parallel approach to predict the thermo-mechanical properties of 3D orthogonal composites. In their study, only single layer stufer, fller, and warp weave with rectangular yarn cross-section were analyzed. It fails to consider 3D orthogonal geometry due to the 1D limitation of their model. Further, Sankar and Marrey (1997) proposed a 2D analytical based selective average method to evaluate the in-plane and transverse CTEs of plain and satin weave composites. Tan et al. (1997) have reviewed the prediction of thermomechanical properties of 3D composites and the various homo- genization schemes at both structural and material levels considering the nonlinear behavior of textile composites. Later, Naik and https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2020.103525 Received 4 February 2020; Received in revised form 24 June 2020; Accepted 25 June 2020 ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail address: anup@aero.iitkgp.ac.in (A. Ghosh). Mechanics of Materials 148 (2020) 103525 Available online 27 June 2020 0167-6636/ © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. T