Developing an integrated design model incorporating technology philosophy for the design of healthcare environments: A case analysis of facilities for psychogeriatric and psychiatric care in The Netherlands Joost van Hoof a, b, * , Maarten J. Verkerk c, d a Fontys University of Applied Sciences, Dominee Theodor Fliednerstraat 2, 5631 BN Eindhoven, The Netherlands b ISSO, Dutch Building Services Research Institute, Kruisplein 25, 3014 DB Rotterdam, The Netherlands c Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands d Maastricht University, Department of Arts and Social Sciences, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands article info Article history: Received 11 September 2012 Received in revised form 10 November 2012 Accepted 12 November 2012 Keywords: Healthcare Evaluation Hospital Architecture Dementia Building Construction Stakeholders abstract The design of healthcare facilities is a complex and dynamic process, which involves many stakeholders each with their own set of needs. In the context of healthcare facilities, this complexity exists at the intersection of technology and society because the very design of these buildings forces us to consider the technology–human interface directly in terms of living-space, ethics and social priorities. In order to grasp this complexity, current healthcare design models need mechanisms to help prioritize the needs of the stakeholders. Assistance in this process can be derived by incorporating elements of technology philosophy into existing design models. In this article, we develop and examine the Inclusive and Integrated Health Facilities Design model (In2Health Design model) and its foundations. This model brings together three existing approaches: (i) the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, (ii) the Model of Integrated Building Design, and (iii) the ontology by Dooyeweerd. The model can be used to analyze the needs of the various stakeholders, in relationship to the required performances of a building as delivered by various building systems. The applicability of the In2Health Design model is illustrated by two case studies concerning (i) the evaluation of the indoor environment for older people with dementia and (ii) the design process of the redevelopment of an existing hospital for psychiatric patients. Ó 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction The design of buildings is a complex and dynamic process. In the context of healthcare facilities, this complexity exists at the intersection of technology and society because the very design of these buildings forces us to consider the technology–human interface directly in terms of living-space, ethics and social priorities. The overall complexity is strongly increased when the design process concerns buildings for specific user groups with non-standard requirements. For example, the design of a psychiatric hospital or long-term facility for older adults with dementia requires an interdisciplinary dialogue involving many medical disciplines, care professionals, and patient associations. In addition, the design of the building should also take into account the standard requirements of an adequate operation and cost-effective maintenance. It is a challenge for the architects and consulting engineers to capture these needs in a single design. The complexity of such design processes is enlarged due to (i) the increased * Corresponding author. Fontys University of Applied Sciences, Dominee Theodor Fliednerstraat 2, 5631 BN Eindhoven, The Netherlands. Tel.: þ31 (0)6 23381404. E-mail address: joost.vanhoof@fontys.nl (J. van Hoof). Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Technology in Society journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/techsoc 0160-791X/$ – see front matter Ó 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2012.11.002 Technology in Society 35 (2013) 1–13