Vol.:(0123456789)
Journal of Quantitative Criminology
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-020-09474-6
1 3
Too Fine to be Good? Issues of Granularity, Uniformity
and Error in Spatial Crime Analysis
Rafael G. Ramos
1
· Bráulio F. A. Silva
2
· Keith C. Clarke
3
· Marcos Prates
4
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract
Objectives Crime counts are sensitive to granularity choice. There is an increasing inter-
est in analyzing crime at very fne granularities, such as street segments, with one of the
reasons being that coarse granularities mask hot spots of crime. However, if granularities
are too fne, counts may become unstable and unrepresentative. In this paper, we develop
a method for determining a granularity that provides a compromise between these two
criteria.
Methods Our method starts by estimating internal uniformity and robustness to error for
diferent granularities, then deciding on the granularity ofering the best balance between
the two. Internal uniformity is measured as the proportion of areal units that pass a test
of complete spatial randomness for their internal crime distribution. Robustness to error
is measured based on the average of the estimated coefcient of variation for each crime
count.
Results Our method was tested for burglaries, robberies and homicides in the city of Belo
Horizonte, Brazil. Estimated “optimal” granularities were coarser than street segments
but fner than neighborhoods. The proportion of units concentrating 50% of all crime was
between 11% and 23%.
Conclusions By balancing internal uniformity and robustness to error, our method is capa-
ble of producing more reliable crime maps. Our methodology shows that fner is not nec-
essarily better in the micro-analysis of crime, and that units coarser than street segments
might be better for this type of study. Finally, the observed crime clustering in our study
was less intense than the expected from the law of crime concentration.
Keywords Criminology of Place · Crime Mapping · Granularity · Scale · Error
* Rafael G. Ramos
rafael.ramos@inpe.br
1
INPE National Institute for Space Research, Av. dos Astronautas, 1.758 - Jardim da Granja,
São José Dos Campos, São Paulo 12227-010, Brazil
2
Department of Sociology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
3
Department of Geography, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
4
Department of Statistics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil