An Integrative Risk and Resilience Model for Understanding the Adaptation of Immigrant-Origin Children and Youth Carola Suárez-Orozco University of California, Los Angeles Frosso Motti-Stefanidi National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Amy Marks Suffolk University Dalal Katsiaficas University of Illinois at Chicago We propose an integrative model for the adaptation of immigrant-origin children and youth that combines ecological with risk and resilience frameworks. Immigrant-origin children and youth are now, and will continue to be, a diverse and demographically important segment of all postindustrial nations’ populations. Synthesizing evidence across psychological, educa- tional, and sociological disciplines produced since the seminal publication of García Coll et al.’s (1996) model, along with significant events such as a global refugee crisis, a sociopo- litical “deportation nation” climate, and heightened xenophobia, we provide a model for understanding the current conditions immigrant-origin children and youth encounter as they develop. This new integrative conceptual model for addressing positive frameworks for adaptation provides a culturally relevant approach for understanding both the risks and resilience of this population. The model was designed to inform practice and future research in the service of immigrant-origin children and youth. Keywords: immigrant-origin children and youth, development, adaptation, risks and re- sources, ecological settings Migration is a defining characteristic of globalization. During the past two decades, historically unprecedented and rapid surges of migration have taken place. In 2015 there were more than 240 million international migrants, approx- imating 3.3% of the world’s population (United Nations Children’s Fund, 2017). Many migrants left their home countries for economic reasons, settling in relatively more affluent Western countries (Organization for Economic Co- operation and Development [OECD], 2016). In recent years, large numbers of people have fled war-stricken com- munities to seek asylum in a new nation. Notably, as of 2016, over half of the 65.3 million displaced persons across the globe were children and youth, a record high (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR], 2016). It is clearly in the best interests of receiving nations to promote the successful adaptation of their young immi- grant populations. In the coming decades, it is projected that immigrants and their children will become irreplaceable forces in the economies of receiving societies and indis- pensable for the future of care and support of rapidly aging nonimmigrant populations (Suárez-Orozco & Qin-Hilliard, 2004). Immigrant-origin children and youth (IOC&Y) are de- fined as those who have at least one foreign-born parent. They include both the first generation who were born out- side the host country and second-generation immigrants who were born within the host country (Child Trends, 2013; Suárez-Orozco, Abo-Zena, & Marks, 2015). Refugee chil- dren and youth, a legally distinct group, have had to flee their countries because of “well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion” (UNHCR, Editor’s note. This article is part of a special issue, “New Directions in Developmental Science With Youth Experiencing Marginalization,” pub- lished in the September 2018 issue of American Psychologist. José M. Causadias and Adriana J. Umaña-Taylor served as guest editors of the special issue, with Jacquelynne S. Eccles as advisory editor. Authors’ note. Carola Suárez-Orozco, Human Development & Psychol- ogy, University of California, Los Angeles; Frosso Motti-Stefanidi, De- partment of Psychology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Amy Marks, Department of Psychology, Suffolk University; Dalal Katsia- ficas, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Carola Suárez-Orozco, Human Development & Psychology, University of Cali- fornia, 1041B Moore Hall, Box 951521, Los Angeles, CA 90005-1521. E-mail: csorozco@ucla.edu This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers. This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly. American Psychologist © 2018 American Psychological Association 2018, Vol. 73, No. 6, 781–796 0003-066X/18/$12.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/amp0000265 781