SIMULATED NEUROCONTROL OF AN AUTOGENOUS MILL
WITH EVOLUTIONARY REINFORCEMENT LEARNING
J.W. de V. Groenewald
1
, C. Aldrich
1,
*, J.J. Eksteen
1
,
A.v.E. Conradie
1
and L.P. Coetzer
2
1
Department of Process Engineering, University of Stellenbosch,
Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa, Fax +27(21)8082059,
*E-mail: ca1@sun.ac.za (corresponding author)
2
Anglo Platinum Management Services, Anglo Platinum, South Africa.
Abstract: In this investigation the development of nonlinear control system for an
autogenous mill was considered. A symbiotic adaptive neuroevolution algorithm was
used in conjunction with a dynamic multilayer perceptron model fitted to actual plant
data to evolve neurocontrol systems. Simulation studies established the potential of the
approach, which yielded satisfactory results, despite having had to learn from a model
that covered part of the state space only. Copyright © 2007 IFAC
Keywords: Neural Networks, Nonlinearity, Neural Control, Time Series Analysis,
System Identification.
1. BACKGROUND
Autogenous mills operate on the same principles as
ball mills, except that grinding is accomplished
though the impact of larger pieces of material on
smaller pieces of equal density. For successful
autogenous milling, it is thus essential that the top
size range of the ore is capable of generating a
grinding load able to crush the finer portion of the
feed, as well as its own progeny. At the same time,
the large lumps in the feed should not be so durable
that it cannot be reduced at a rate equal to that at
which feed is entering the mill.
The principal variables that affect the control of an
autogenous mill are ore feed rate, water addition rate,
ore feed hardness, and ore feed size analysis. Ore feed
rate and water addition rate are variables that may be
deliberately manipulated in order to control the
process. In contrast, ore feed hardness and feed
particle size distribution are disturbance variables,
causing major problems when attempting to run a
stable mill under optimal conditions (Napier-Munn et
al., 1999).
Although grinding circuits exhibit nonlinear dynamic
behaviour, controller design has largely been invest-
tigated from a linear controller perspective (e.g. PID
control) that requires the use of linear process models.
As rigorous grinding circuit models are invariably
nonlinear, the nonlinear models are typically linea-
rized in the vicinity of a predetermined economically
optimal operating region. Although these linear
MIMO control strategies have been applied with suc-
cess in industrial grinding circuits (Herbst and
Rajamani, 1979), linearization becomes ineffective in
the presence of severe process nonlinearities.
In this paper, it is shown by way of simulation studies
that an advanced control scheme based on evolutio-
nary reinforcement learning from a dynamic model
fitted to historic process data can lead to significantly
improved control of an industrial autogenous mill.
The paper is organized as follows. In section 2, the
principles of evolutionary reinforcement learning are
considered. In section 3, identification of an industrial
mill is explained and in section 4, the results of the
simulation study are presented, followed by some
concluding remarks in section 5.