Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Measurement journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/measurement Parametric and nonparametric description of the surface topography in the dry and MQCL cutting conditions G.M. Krolczyk a, ⁎ , R.W. Maruda b , J.B. Krolczyk a , P. Nieslony a , S. Wojciechowski c , S. Legutko c a Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Opole University of Technology, 76 Proszkowska St., 45-758 Opole, Poland b Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zielona Gora, 4 Prof. Z. Szafrana Street, 65-516 Zielona Gora, Poland c Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Management, Poznan University of Technology, 3 Piotrowo St., 60-965 Poznan, Poland ARTICLE INFO Keywords: Environmentally friendly processes Dry machining MQL/MQCL Duplex stainless steel Surface roughness Clean production Surface quality ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the parametric and nonparametric description of surface topography after turning in the dry and MQCL conditions. The carried out research involved the longitudinal turning tests of duplex stainless steel, conducted in a range of variable cutting speeds v c and feeds f. Surface topography measurements were conducted with the application of Infinite Focus G4 microscope. In the first stage of research, the parametric analysis of the machined surfaces has been conducted. It included the evaluation of amplitude surface roughness parameters. In the next stage the nonparametric description of machined surfaces was carried out. This analysis has been focused on the presentation of machined surfaces in the form of contour maps and isometric images. The last stage of experiment involved the evaluation of surface isotropy and formulation of material ratio charts. The conducted research shows that the application of MQCL method can lead to the reduction of 3D surface roughness parameters compared to values reached after the dry machining. Moreover, the better distribution of irregularity peaks and pits under the MQCL method, comparing to that obtained after dry cutting implies that surfaces machined with the use of MQCL technique can be characterized by a high wear resistance. 1. Introduction Principal latest paradigm shift in sustainable machining except the economically justified, predictable process is to determine the func- tional parameters of the generated surfaces. Surface topography can be described by the set of three-dimensional features of an area of the surface and it is a result of the interaction of cooperating surfaces whose mutual contact can be presented in the three-dimensional way [1]. Surface description by means of 2D parameters is not sufficient because a 3D surface can’t be effectively characterised in a 2D way. Three-di- mensional images allow for more accurate surface characteristics due to the description of the whole area of the surface, not only a certain profile. Topographic surface analysis is more and more often applied in various branches of science. One of important applications of that analysis is an evaluation of technological machine parts [2,3]. In pro- duction conditions, contacting surfaces are often being finished by grinding, which allows to adapt the surface for the specific technolo- gical requirements [4]. However, grinding is an energy consuming process and generates high costs. Therefore, attempts are made to eliminate this process and apply only the previous machining process, (most often turning) in order to obtain the final surface functionality. Turning, as finish machining, is a process which can be flexibly de- signed by means of the technological machining parameters and the cutting edge geometry. Obtaining the desired surface quality is very important for maintaining the functional features of machine parts [5–7]. Unfortunately, most working drawings include no information concerning surface functionality except the material, dimensional tol- erances and surface roughness. When analysing the surface topography, the evaluation is made basing on a larger number of measurement points than in the case of 2D analysis. Thus the surface assessment is more complex and, in fact, more reliable [8]. This allows for more detailed assessment of the functional features of the surface. Vast stu- dies on sustainable machining have been focused on an extensive in- vestigations in which environmentally friendly processes have been analysed [9–11] and several studies [12–15] have been concentrated on the relationship of materials’ properties and surface parameters. Mia and Dhar [16,17] present the optimization models of surface roughness in dry hard turning. The mathematical model has been formulated by response surface methodology. For optimization models, the cutting speed, feed rate and material hardness were selected as a input factors for full factorial experimental design plan. Kumar et al. [18] present a parametric and nonparametric study of the surface texture in friction https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2018.02.052 Received 10 January 2018; Received in revised form 17 February 2018; Accepted 21 February 2018 ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: g.krolczyk@po.opole.pl (G.M. Krolczyk), r.maruda@ibem.uz.zgora.pl (R.W. Maruda), j.krolczyk@po.opole.pl (J.B. Krolczyk), p.nieslony@po.opole.pl (P. Nieslony), sjwojciechowski@o2.pl (S. Wojciechowski), stanislaw.legutko@put.poznan.pl (S. Legutko). Measurement 121 (2018) 225–239 Available online 21 March 2018 0263-2241/ © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. T