Trop J Nat Prod Res, September 2019; 3(10):307 - 313 ISSN 2616-0684 (Print) ISSN 2616-0692 (Electronic) 307 © 2019 the authors. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research Available online at https://www.tjnpr.org Original Research Article Formulation of Antiseptic Ointments from Mangifera indica Kernel, Leaf and Psidium guajava Leaf Extracts Oladapo T. Okareh 1 , Mojisola A. Alaiya 1 *, Michael A. Odeniyi 2 1 Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. 2 Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Introduction Plants have been used for centuries in various cultures of the world for the treatment of diseases and they have become of great interest in modern medicine. 1 Mangifera indica belongs to the family Anacardiaceae and genus Mangifera. 2 Psidium guajava is an evergreen shrub which belongs to the family Myrteceae and genus Psidium. The genus Psidium comprises approximately one hundred and fifty species of small trees and shrubs in which only twenty species produce edible fruits. Psidium guajava is the most commonly cultivated specie. 3 M. indica kernels are agro-wastes which are available in large quantities in tropical countries. 4 Agricultural wastes have been reported to contribute a significant proportion to the total waste matter in developing countries of the world. 5 Although used for composting and energy production, management of this waste is limited as the amount of waste reused is far less than that produced hence there is need to explore other beneficial use. 6 The challenges associated with increasing resistance of some pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella specie and Staphylococcus aureus to conventional antibiotics and the environ- *Corresponding author. E mail: alaiyamoj@gmail.com Tel: +234-1-8055219901 Citation: Okareh OT, Alaiya MA, Odeniyi MA. Formulation of Antiseptic Ointments from Mangifera indica Kernel, Leaf and Psidium guajava Leaf Extracts. Trop J Nat Prod Res. 2019; 3(10):307-313. doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v3i10.2 Official Journal of Natural Product Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. mental threat posed by some conventional antibacterial/anti-septic agents such as triclosan warrant a need for further research into production of environmentally friendly antibacterial agents from plant parts. 7,8 According to the World Health Organisation, these top priority pathogenic bacteria are chief causes of diseases and death especially in developing countries. The WHO stated that antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest threats to global health, food security and development. Infections, such as pneumonia, salmonellosis, are becoming harder to treat as the antibiotic used to treat them are becoming less effective. 9 Thus, there is increasing need for non-toxic, environmentally friendly antimicrobial products to combat transmission of pathogenic bacteria. A study conducted by Olasehinde et al., 10 investigated the antibacterial property of M. indica leaves extract against S. aureus, E. coli, Micrococcus virians, Micrococcus leteus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The study reported that crude aqueous and ethanol extracts of mango leaves exhibit antibacterial action against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Alok et al., 11 investigated the antibacterial activity of mango kernel extract against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. The result of the study showed that the extract exhibited antibacterial activity against the test organisms. Nwinyi et al., 12 evaluated the antibacterial activity of ethanol leaf extract of P. guajava leaves on clinical isolates of E. coli and S. aureus. The study found that the extract possesses significant antibacterial activity against the two organisms. Dzotam and Kuete 13 investigated the antibacterial and antibiotic modifying activity of methanol extract of P. guajava against selected bacteria isolates and found that methanol extract of guava leaves demonstrated significant inhibitory activities against both sensitive and Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) bacteria confirming previous reports on its antimicrobial activity. The main objective of this study is to formulate antimicrobial ointments from mango kernels, mango leaves and guava leaves and investigate the ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Received 25 October 2019 Revised 10 November 2019 Accepted 20 November 2019 Published online 10 December 2019 The increasing resistance of some priority pathogenic bacteria to some known antibiotics warrant more research into development of new antibacterial agents. The main study objective was to formulate antiseptic ointments from Mangifera indica kernel, leaf and Psidium guajava leaf extracts and investigate the antibacterial activity. The study also aimed at comparing the efficacy of the plant extracts and ointments as antibacterial agents. The study design was experimental. Study population were laboratory scientists and janitors selected using purposive sampling. Powdered plant samples were extracted with 100% methanol and phytochemical analysis was conducted. The ointments were formulated based on the British Pharmacopoeia method of simple ointment formulation. Microbial analysis was conducted using agar diffusion and dilution methods. Data was analysed using SPSS statistical software. All plant samples tested positive for the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids and terpenoids. There was significant difference in mean zone of inhibition among the extracts and ointments against all test organisms with mango kernel exhibiting the highest activity. Staphylococcus aureus exhibited the highest susceptibility to all extracts and ointments. Minimum inhibitory concentration for mango kernel ointment was 25 mg/mL for all test organisms while bacteria growth was observed at all concentrations for mango leaf and guava leaf ointments. Mango kernel extract and ointment exhibited highest significant antibacterial activity (20.70 ± 1.05 and 18.00 ± 0.89, respectively). This study demonstrated that mango kernel ointment possesses greater efficacy as antibacterial agent compared to mango leaf and guava leaf ointments. Keywords: Mango kernel, phytochemical, Psidium guajava, antimicrobial ointment. Copyright: © 2019 Okareh et al. This is an open- access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.