Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism 44 (2023) 100705 Available online 28 October 2023 2213-0780/© 2023 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Research Article Landscape management and planning as a spatial organization method connecting CES supply-demand assessment and sustainable tourism development Chang Li , Qifan Liang , Beiduo Lin , Jun Zhai * Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Architecture, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China A R T I C L E INFO Keywords: Multisource data Spatial mapping Multiscale assessment Sustainable tourism Regional integration ABSTRACT Evaluating the balance between the supply and demand of Cultural Ecosystem Service (CES) in space is the key to linking ecosystem services to human well-being. However, due to its invisibility, it is diffcult to quantify and is often ignored in ecosystem service evaluation. Based on social media photos, by integrating multisource data and using a clustering algorithm and the MaxEnt model, this paper maps and evaluates the supply-demand balance of three CES of aesthetic, historical and cultural, and leisure services in Suzhou, China. The result shows a wide- spread imbalance between supply and demand in Suzhou, among which the cultural heritage CES imbalance area as high as 48.1% accounts for the largest proportion, and the aesthetic imbalance area accounts for 38.4%, while the recreation imbalance area accounts for 37%. Building upon the assessment of supply and demand balance at the urban scale, we further identifed the supply-demand imbalance at the scenic area scale by integrating local tourism development policies in Suzhou and selecting a typical scenic area, Xishan Island. Based on the urban and scenic area supply-demand assessment results, this paper proposes a multiscale CES supply-demand allo- cation strategy. This comprehensive approach not only furnishes valuable guidance for local decision-making and management within the realm of sustainable tourism but also holds potential for wider applicability to diverse urban areas worldwide that share analogous contextual backgrounds. Management implications: CES supply and demand assessment can help identify the CES supply-demand imbal- ance areas of tourist destinations. Landscape management and planning is a spatial organization method to balance CES supply-demand mismatches in tourist destinations. Optimizing landscape structure at multiple scales will be of instructional signifcance for the protection and development of tourist destinations. A ‘CES assessment and mapping – landscape management and planning – tourism protection and development’ system is benefcial to achieve the sustainable development of tourism. 1. Introduction Tourism connects people with the natural environment and has a positive effect on people’s mental health and quality of life. CES illus- trates the benefts and comforts that nature provides to people (MEA, 2005). A deeper understanding of CES would clarify the relationship of tourism between nature and human well-being, providing value for tourism destination protection and development (Smith & Ram, 2017; Willis, 2015). At the same time, the trade-off between tourism protec- tion and development is a challenge to CES assessment and mapping (Bachi, Ribeiro, Hermes, & Saadi, 2020; Hermes & Saadi, 2020; Mout- taki et al., 2021; Ribeiro & Ribeiro, 2016). Therefore, analyzing the supply and demand situation of CES in space plays an important role in balancing protection and development strategies (Castro et al., 2014; Meng et al., 2020). Landscape is considered a medium to study the relationship between CES and tourism and is regarded as a fundamental element of tourism (Smith & Ram, 2017). Landscape management and planning, on the other hand, provide guidance on the spatial optimi- zation of tourism (Chen, Thapa, Kim, & Yi, 2017). To balance CES supply-demand mismatches, there is an urgent need for a complete set of CES assessments and mapping - landscape management and planning - tourism protection and development systems to achieve sustainable tourism through protected development (Fig. 1). In recent years, the relationship between tourism and Cultural * Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: 976980880@qq.com (C. Li), 1075777516@qq.com (Q. Liang), 13373921127@163.com (B. Lin), info@eastscape.com (J. Zhai). Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jort https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2023.100705 Received 12 May 2023; Received in revised form 11 September 2023; Accepted 11 October 2023