Research Article Cyber Preparedness of the Indian Armed Forces B. Poornima 1 Abstract The Indian armed forces today face a significant threat of cyberattacks, particularly from hostile neighbouring states like China and Pakistan. Cyberattacks could potentially damage or cripple critical weapons platforms, major communications and ISR (intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance) systems, and vital infrastructure, undermining the military’s preparedness and war-fighting capabilities. How prepared is the Indian military to neutralise cyberattacks from adversaries such as China and Pakistan? This is the central question that this article attempts to address. The article contends that the delayed development of technical, policy, and organisational measures in the cyber domain indicates vulnerabilities in the Indian military’s current state of cyber preparedness, leaving room for enemy cyberattacks. It emphasises the need for immediate actions to address the critical gaps in India’s cybersecurity strategy. In particular, the Indian military must focus on drastically strengthening its defensive cyber capabilities to neutralise potential enemy cyberattacks on weapons platforms, communication and ISR systems, and critical infrastructure. The article concludes that without enhanced defensive cyber capabilities, India’s military modernisation may fall short of responding adequately to technology-driven warfare threats from the hostile states in the neighbourhood. Keywords Cyber security, India, armed forces, military infrastructure, China, Pakistan, cyberwarfare Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs 10(3) 301–324, 2023 © The Author(s) 2023 Article reuse guidelines: in.sagepub.com/journals-permissions-india DOI: 10.1177/23477970231207250 journals.sagepub.com/home/aia 1 Department of Geopolitics and International Relations, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India Corresponding author: B. Poornima, Department of Geopolitics and International Relations, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Old TAPMI Building, Madhava Nagar, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India. E-mail: aminroopb@gmail.com