ISSN 0233-7657. Биополимеры и клетка. 1998. Т. 14. № 4
Biosensors based on conductometric detection
A- P, Soldatkin, S. V. Dzyadevich, Y. I. Korpan, V. N. Arkhipova, G. A. Zhylyak,
S. A. Piletsky, T. A. Sergeeva, T. L. Panasyuk, A. V. El'skaya
Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
150 Zabolotnoho str., Kyiv, 252143 Ukraine
The present paper is a self-review on the development of about 20 conductometric biosensors based on
planar electrodes and containing different biological material (enzymes, cells, antibodies), bio-mimics or
synthetic membranes, including Imprinting polymers, as a sensitive element. Highly specific, sensitive,
simple, fast and cheap determination of different analytes makes them promising for needs of medicine,
biotechnology, environmental control, agriculture and food industry. Non-specific interference of back-
ground ions may be overcome by the differential mode of measurement, the usage of rather concentrated
sample buffer and additional negatively or positively charged membranes, which decrease buffer capacity
influence and extend a dynamic range of sensors response. For development of easy-to-use small
conductometric immunosensors several approaches seem to be promising: i) the usage of polyaniline as
electroconductive label for antibodies detection in competitive electroimmunoassay; ii) the elaboration of
multilayer structures with phtalocyanine films; Hi) the usage of acrylic copolymeric membranes. The
advantages and disadvantages of conductometric biosensors created are discussed. For future commer-
cialisation our effort are aimed to unite a thin-film technology with membranes deposition and to find the
ways of membrane stabilisation, including bio-mimics creation, utilisation of bioaffinity polymeric
membranes, imprinting polymers etc.
Introduction. The last decade has seen unprecedented
interest in the development of analytical devices for
the detection, quantification and monitoring of dif-
ferent biological and chemical compounds. The dyna-
mic field of biosensors is covered by extensive number
of reviews [1—5].
As a rule a biosensor is a device containing two
functional parts: a bios elective membrane in dired
contact with a physical transducer, which transforms
the biochemical signal into the electrical or optical
signal. The amplitude of this signal depends on the
concentration of the analysed compound (analyte) in
the sample. Biologically active materials used for
construction of biosensor systems can be divided into
two main groups: catalytic (enzymes, cells, tissues)
and noncatalytic or affinity (antibodies, receptors,
nucleic acids). Electrochemical (ampero-, potentio-,
and conductometric), optical, calorimetric, and acou-
stic transducers are currently used in measuring
systems.
© Л. P. SOLDATKIN. S. V. DZYADEVICH, Y. 1. KORPAN,
V. N. AJRKHIPOVA, C. A. ZHYLYAK. S. A. PILETSKY,
T. A. SERGEEVA, T. L. I'ANASYIJK, A V EI.'SKAYA, 1998
The main efforts in biosensor development are
focused on the exploration of the various combi-
nations of biological components (or their synthetic
mimics) with measuring principles, i. e. different
transducers.
The conductometric sensors are based on the fact
that many biochemical reactions in solution produce
changes in the electrical resistance (reciprocal con-
ductance) due to changes of ionic compounds. Con-
ductance measurements usually involve the resistance
determination of a sample solution between two
parallel electrodes.
The biosensors based on conductometric principle
seem to be the most advantageous in several aspects:
i) thin-film electrodes are suitable for miniaturisation
and large scale production using inexpensive tech-
nology; moreover, noble metals can be changed for
cheaper ones, e. g. Ni; ii) they do not require
reference electrode, have no light sensitivity, the
driving voltage can be small to decrease power
consumption substantially; iii) large spectrum of ana-
lytes of different nature can be determined on the
basis of various reactions and mechanisms.
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