Research Article
Restorative Prospective of Powdered Seeds Extract of
Garcinia kola in Chrysichthys furcatus Induced with
Glyphosate Formulation
T. O. Ikpesu,
1
I. Tongo,
2
and A. Ariyo
1
1
Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Otuoke, Nigeria
2
Department of Animal and Environmental Biology (AEB), University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
Correspondence should be addressed to T. O. Ikpesu; tomohwofasa@yahoo.com
Received 23 September 2013; Accepted 20 October 2013; Published 21 January 2014
Academic Editors: Y. Chen and Z. Qiusheng
Copyright © 2014 T. O. Ikpesu et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Responses of Chrysichthys furcatus to glyphosate formulation and Garcinia kola seed extracts were investigated using the
organization for Economic Cooperation and Development numbers 203 and 407 recommended toxicity bioassay. Te fsh were
divided into fve groups and exposed to diferent treatments of glyphosate formulation and Garcinia kola seed extract, with the
control serving as a reference. Water quality parameters and blood chemistry were estimated in the experimental and control
fsh at the end of 28 days. Tere was no signifcant diference ( > 0.05) between fsh treated with glyphosate formulation alone
and other treatments except for dissolved oxygen which was highly signifcant ( < 0.01) between fsh treated with glyphosate
formulation alone and other treatments and the control. All the blood parameters were signifcantly ( < 0.05) afected by
glyphosate formulation when compared with the control. Te changes observed in glyphosate formulation alone were reversible
when G. kola seeds extract was added and was dose dependent. Te plant’s extract has shown to be a good remedy to pollutants, and
formulations of the seed extract into tablets or capsules could serve as antidote to ameliorate the efects of pollutants. Tis fnding
can reduce the risk of biomagnifcations of poisons along the food chain.
1. Introduction
In the last few years there has been an exponential growth in
the feld of herbal medicine and these drugs are gaining popu-
larity both in developing and developed countries because of
their natural origin and less side efects [1]. Herbal products
cause few adverse efects but have benefcial pharmacological
and therapeutic uses in a number of illnesses, including HIV
where they have been examined for their capacity to reduce
symptoms and improve quality of life [2]. Te literature
review had shown that oral administration of an aqueous T.
cordifolia root extract to alloxan diabetic rats caused a signif-
icant reduction in blood glucose and brain lipids. Tough the
aqueous extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg could elicit signifcant
antihyperglycemic efect in diferent animal models, its efect
was equivalent to only one unit/kg of insulin [3]. It is reported
that the daily administration of either alcoholic or aqueous
extract of T. cordifolia decreases the blood glucose level
and increases glucose tolerance in rodents [4]. Also, oral
administration of 2 and 8 g/kg of plant extract of fenugreek
seeds produced dose dependent decrease in the blood glucose
levels in both normal diabetic rats [5]. Te plant’s seed extract
also improved glucose metabolism and normalized creatinine
kinase activity in heart, skeletal muscle, and liver of diabetic
rat [6]. Similarly, methanolic extract of Phyllanthus amarus
was found to have potent antioxidant activity and reduced the
blood sugar in alloxanized diabetic rats [7].
Garcinia kola (commonly called bitter kola) is an eco-
nomic and highly valued tree available in large quantity in
West Africa. Te fruit, seeds, nuts, and bark of the plant have
been used extensively in African traditional medicine for
the treatment of various diseases [8]. Te active constituent
of the plant is dimeric favonoid molecules fused together
by bifavonoid. Other constituents include xanthones and
benzophenones [9]. Te dry powdered seeds contain 0.003%
of favonoids while the crude extract contained 0.007% of
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Chinese Journal of Biology
Volume 2014, Article ID 854157, 8 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/854157