International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163 Volume 2 Issue 1 (January 2015 ) www.ijirae.com _________________________________________________________________________________________________ © 2014, IJIRAE- All Rights Reserved Page - 67 Seismic Capacity of the Stone Masonry Lighthouse at Paphos, Cyprus Triantafyllos Makarios * Milton Demosthenous Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Frederick University, Cyprus Abstract—This paper deals with the evaluation of the seismic capacity of a stone masonry lighthouse at Paphos in Cyprus using various levels of earthquake actions, according to seismic performance-based procedure that has been proposed by Eurocode EN 1998. Two-dimensional shell finite elements with suitable strength were used for the simulation of this lighthouse. In order to obtain an evaluation of the envelope of the stresses and the displacements of the lighthouse under strong earthquake excitations, a number of models were examined. In order to estimate the seismic response of this special case of lighthouse, the linear response history analysis and the response spectrum analysis have been considered as the most suitable procedures for use, because the using of various non-linearity (and plasticity) 2D-shell elements often lead to doubt results. It is worthy note that the strain-state of the structure is defined by the simultaneously two principal normal stresses on the shell elements and for this reason a suitable failure criterion has to introduce. One such failure criterion is the known Von-Misses failure criterion that has been introduced to calculate the response numerical results. Finally, by the evaluation of these results, the vulnerability of this lighthouse is studied under various levels of earthquake excitations. Keywords— Lighthouse at Paphos, IYALA, Stone Masonry Structure, Von Misses failure criterion for stone masonry wall, Microzonation Study of the Paphos I. INTRODUCTION From the ancient era until now, the major part of the communication and the trade were taking place both via sea. For leading of ships, particularly during the night, it was common to set fires to coastlines. Such references exist from Homer’s ancient era. According to historical evidences, the first torch-tower built by Ptolemy at island Pharos, opposite to Alexandria town in Egypt, about 280-247 BC, and for this reason it was called “Lighthouse of Alexandria” or in ancient Greek “Pharos of Alexandria”. This lighthouse was one of the Seven Wonders of the ancient World, while its traces had been lost by 1300 AD. Afterwards of the construction of the “Lighthouse of Alexandria”, many others lighthouses have been built until nowadays, which were called “Pharos” in various languages (Pharos, Phare, etc). From the structural point of view, lighthouses are classified in the two following categories: (a) Independent lighthouses, which have circular or rectangular cross-section reduced in elevation gradually. Inside, these lighthouses possess a stone or a metal staircase that leads to upper part of the lighthouse. External, the aforementioned lighthouses possess small windows. At the upper part of these lighthouses, a metal canopy that is filled with pane, where inside the mechanism of flame or shine has been protected. (b) Lighthouses where are connected (along one horizontal direction) with a single- storey (or a two-storey more rarely) stone masonry building or other stone masonry walls; thus, from this point of view, these lighthouses do not consider as independent structures, since consist of a structural set of structures (lighthouses with adjacent buildings and the stone masonry walls). It is worth noting that, the lighthouse-keepers stayed into these buildings and they care for the continuous operation of the lighthouse, as well as the preservation of all structural groups. During the last thirty years, automatic systems have been inserted gradually into lighthouses to operate them, so employers at lighthouses have been stopped to employ, in the majority of those. Simultaneously, the support of these automatic systems was not frequent, as was in the past; thus an accumulation of attritions and damages are appeared today. Besides the inserting of various electronic systems in the field of navigation (such as GPS etc), where the importance of the lighthouses has been reduced gradually, the international organization IYALA, which protects the international network of lighthouses, decided that all lighthouses have to remain at full operation under care by the national countries. Moreover, lighthouses with their buildings should be exploited for various others activities such shelter, observation station, guest-house, area of cultural events etc. Therefore, important relevant actions have been taken place in the frame of the European Research Program, entitled “Holistic Strategy for the Restoration, Preservation and Integration in the life of the modern societies of Old European Masonry Lighthouses – PHAROS (2004-2007)”, which is placed between the Culture/2000 [1]. Indeed, an international attempt for the systematic study (marking of various problems, structural pathology/integrity of lighthouses, proposals for preservation and strengthening/retrofit) of the European lighthouses has been developed recently, where five European countries have been participated into the above-mentioned research program; Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Great Britain and Norway. Into the frame of the abovementioned research program, the present paper deals with the evaluation of the seismic capacity of the Lighthouse of Paphos in Cyprus. This lighthouse is an independent structure, without connection with others adjacent buildings or stone masonry walls. In order to collect the necessary information and characteristics about the construction of this lighthouse, many local/personal inspections had been taken place by authors and other collaborators [2].