Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz., 2001,20 (1), 265-290 Mycobacterial infections in domestic and wild animals due to Mycobacterium marinum, M. fortuitum, M. chelonae, M. porcinum, M. farcinogenes, M. smegmatis, M. scrofulaceum, M. xenopi, M. kansasii, M. simiae and M. genavense H. Bercovier (1) & V. Vincent (2) (1) Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ein Karem, Jerusalem 91010, Israel (2) Laboratoire de Référence des Mycobactéries, Centre National de Référence des Mycobactéries, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Docteur-Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France Summary The epidemiology and the natural distribution of Mycobacterium marinum, M. fortuitum, M. chelonae, M. porcinum, M. farcinogenes, M. smegmatis, M. scrofulaceum, M. xenopi, M. kansasii, M. simiae and M genavense are described. In addition to the bacteriological, biochemical and genetic characteristics, the authors review the pathology of these species, including the natural and experimental diseases and the accompanying lesions, diagnosis, antibiotic sensitivities and treatment of animal infections caused by these mycobacteria. Keywords Antibiotics - Diagnosis - Domestic animals - Epidemiology - Mycobacteria - Pathology— granulomatous disease associated with lymphadenopathy,  although acute disease can also be a feature. The intracellular  localisation of these pathogens is reflected well in the  pathology of these pathogens.  Mycobacterium marinum, M. fortuitum and M. chelonae are  the only described NTM pathogens of fish, although the  organisms can also be found in other animal species, In  contrast, M, xenopi for which water is the proven reservoir,  has not yet been implicated in diseases of fish, despite  descriptions of infection by this mycobacterium in toads.  Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, M. xenopi, M. kansasii, M. simiae and M. porcinum are mainly isolated from lymph nodes of animals post mortem. The role of M. farcinogenes in  bovine farcy still requires clarification. Finally, infections due  to M. genavense in birds can be considered as a new emerging  disease caused by a newly discovered agent.  Wild animals. Introduction The 'atypical' or non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are  mycobacteria belonging to species other than those classified  in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. africanum, M. microti and the newly described  M. canetti). These mycobacteria have been long recognised as  potential pathogens for animals and humans. Some species  are opportunistic pathogens for animals (M, scrofulaceum), some are primary pathogens for animals (M, genavense for  birds) and some are agents of zoonosis (M, marinum), The  importance of NTM in human pathology has dramatically  increased due to the epidemic of acquired itnmune deficiency  syndrome (AIDS), These mycobacteria are frequent  pathogens of patients with underlying immunodeficiency.  The pathology resulting from infections due to these  mycobacteria is most often expressed as chronic