(Botvinick et al., 2001). We compared the relative roles of proactive and reactive controls in a range of tasks, including Simon and Eriksen interference tasks, and the spatial mapping task. We investigated the functional and temporal dynamics of proactive and reactive controls using a wide selection of brain potential measures, including Laplacian- transformed signals, and contralateral and ipsilateral motor cortex activation, for stimulus- and response-locked waveforms. The studies we present support the hypothesis that proactive control utilizes knowledge of task instructions and preceding stimuli, and prepares for the expected stimulus by activating specific stimulus–response bindings or task-schema. Our findings suggest that reactive control can be triggered by either stimulus features or response interference, and corrects response activation by inhibiting activation of the incorrect response or task schema. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.750 Training-induced improvements in inhibitory control Nicholas Benikos a , Stuart J. Johnstone a , Steven J. Roodenrys b a Centre for Psychophysics, Psychophysiology and Psychopharmacology, School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Australia b School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Australia Inhibitory control — the ability to deliberately suppress dominant, automatic or prepotent responses — is essential for adaptive functioning, with deficits in this ability implicated in various psychiatric and neurological disorders. Despite a recent upsurge of positive findings regarding the training of other executive functions, whether inhibitory control can be trained and the underlying neural mechanisms remains unclear. In the present study, fifty-four adults were randomly assigned to train on either a standard Go/Nogo task (GNG; n = 18), a combined Go/ Nogo–Stop-signal (GNG-SS; n = 18) or a control task (n = 18) during a single training session (8 blocks). Task difficulty was adaptively manipu- lated in the GNG condition using reaction-time deadline (RTD), while both RTD and stop-signal delay (SSD) were employed in the GNG-SS. The control task involved counting Go stimuli for the duration of the training. To assess transfer effects, all participants completed identical pre/post assessments using tasks indexing different inhibitory control functions (Go–Nogo, Flanker, Stop-signal), with the post-training assessment taking place in a separate session 3 days later. Across conditions and task, ERPs revealed decreased N1 and N2, but increased P2 amplitudes at post-training. Relative to the control, the inhibition training conditions showed similar improvements in the active inhibition of responses during the Go–Nogo and Stop-signal task, with ERP analyses showing overlap- ping increases in fronto-central regions; suggesting a top-down augmen- tation and near-transfer of inhibitory processes. However, these effects did not extend to the interference control domain, with no training effects seen for the Flanker task. Overall, these findings suggest that adaptively manipulating task difficulty can lead to improvements in actively inhibiting stimuli in untrained tasks, leading to quantitative changes in brain activity, but that these effects are dependent on the whether the training and Pre/Post tasks engage overlapping processing components and brain regions. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.751 Symposium C8 Current trends in psychophysiology of individual differences Organizers: Vilfredo De Pascalis (Italy) & Boris V. Chernyshev (Russia) In this symposium, experimental research in psychophysiology of individual differences and personality is exploited by using a range of EEG and ERP recording methods. The symposium begins with an ERP study by Chernyshev and collaborators that evaluates how individual differences in several temperament measures, based on different theoretical frameworks questionnaires (e.g., Extraversion, Strength of excitation and Mobility of nervous processes), correlates with ERP components of attentional processes. The authors found that Extra- version was related to the amplitude of the N1–P2 complex similar to Mobility of Nervous Processes, and that it was related to N2 latency similar to Social Ergonicity (STQ). These findings point to the importance of using a multidimensional psychophysiological ap- proach in the studies of temperament. Bazanova research highlights the role of alpha band characteristics in EEG spectrum in different age, gender, and neurohumoral states. This presentation provides some insights into the various psychophysiological indices of alpha activity and outlines their role in optimal functioning and behavior. Knyazev examines personality-related differences in EEG correlates of self- referential processing and demonstrates that alpha-band spatial patterns simultaneously shows a considerable overlap with the default mode network (DMN) and a positive correlation with the measure of self-referential thoughts. Here he demonstrates that in extraverts high self-referential positive expectation scores may be associated with an increase of alpha power in the posterior DMN hub, whereas in introverts they may be associated with an increase of alpha power in the anterior DMN hub. De Pascalis and Varriale examine the relation between individual differences in mental ability and auditory motion discrimination ability by using event-related potential mea- sures, specifically P300 and mismatch negativity (MMN) during two conditions differing in task difficulty. MNN findings of auditory motion change are indicative of a greater facility in accessing sensory memory in high mental ability individuals. This advantage develops prior to consciousness and indicates that the pre-attentive analysis of auditory stimuli favoring higher ability individuals is not only restricted to simple first-order stimulus features, but also extant at higher order of discrimination governing the detection of a simulated moving sound. Participants will discuss the future perspectives in this research field, for improving the understanding psychophysiological processes underlying individual differences. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.752 Individual differences in electrophysiological correlates of auditory attention Boris V. Chernyshev, Dina M. Ramendik, Ivan E. Lazarev, Evgeniya S. Osokina, Nikita A. Novikov National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russia Temperament is generally viewed as a set of stable properties that determines major “formal” characteristics of mental processes and behaviour. Currently there is still no general agreement on what principal dimensions of temperament are, and a number of tempera- ment questionnaires based on different sets of dimensions exist. Importantly, dimensions from various questionnaires are often inter- correlated even though the questionnaires are often based on diverse theoretical grounds. This fact implies that existing questionnaire dimensions actually represent different aspects of one and the same complex multidimensional entity. This study involved two attentional auditory experimental models — the oddball task and the condensation task (30 and 51 participants, respectively). Event-related potentials were measured and analyzed in relation to temperament dimensions according to EPI (Eysenck, 1982; Shmelyov, 2002), STI (Strelau et al., 1990), STQ (Rusalov, 1990, 2002), and NEO-FFI (Costa, McCrae, 1995) questionnaires. International Journal of Psychophysiology 94 (2014) 120–261 176